Demonax | Hellenic Library Beta

User Tools

Site Tools

You are here: Library » text » Xenophon: Hiero, or The Tyrant
text:hiero

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Next revision		Previous revision
text:hiero [2013/08/24 18:46] – created fredmondtext:hiero [2014/01/15 11:57] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
Line 1: Line 1:
 The Works of Xenophon by H. G. Dakyns, Macmillan and Co., 1897. The Works of Xenophon by H. G. Dakyns, Macmillan and Co., 1897.
  
-====== Hiero, or The Tyrant: Xenophon ======+====== Xenophon: Hiero, or The Tyrant ======
  
 ===== A Discourse on Despotic Rule ===== ===== A Discourse on Despotic Rule =====
Line 9: Line 9:
  
  (1) Or, "came to the court of the despotic monarch Hiero." For the  (1) Or, "came to the court of the despotic monarch Hiero." For the
-    "dramatis personae" see Dr. Holden's Introduction to the "Hieron" + "dramatis personae" see Dr. Holden's Introduction to the "Hieron" 
-    of Xenophon.+ of Xenophon.
  
 Would you be pleased to give me information, Hiero, upon certain matters, as to which it is likely you have greater knowledge than myself? (2) Would you be pleased to give me information, Hiero, upon certain matters, as to which it is likely you have greater knowledge than myself? (2)
  
  (2) Or, "would you oblige me by explaining certain matters, as to  (2) Or, "would you oblige me by explaining certain matters, as to
-    which your knowledge naturally transcends my own?"+ which your knowledge naturally transcends my own?"
  
 And pray, what sort of things may those be (answered Hiero), of which I can have greater knowledge than yourself, who are so wise a man? And pray, what sort of things may those be (answered Hiero), of which I can have greater knowledge than yourself, who are so wise a man?
Line 22: Line 22:
  
  (3) Or, "a common citizen," "an ordinary mortal," "a private  (3) Or, "a common citizen," "an ordinary mortal," "a private
-    individual."+ individual."
  
  (4) Or, "having experienced both lots in life, both forms of  (4) Or, "having experienced both lots in life, both forms of
-    existence."+ existence."
  
 Would it not be simpler (Hiero replied) if you, on your side, (5) who are still to-day a private person, would refresh my memory by recalling the various circumstances of an ordinary mortal's life? With these before me, (6) I should be better able to describe the points of difference which exist between the one life and the other. Would it not be simpler (Hiero replied) if you, on your side, (5) who are still to-day a private person, would refresh my memory by recalling the various circumstances of an ordinary mortal's life? With these before me, (6) I should be better able to describe the points of difference which exist between the one life and the other.
  
  (5) Simonides is still in the chrysalis or grub condition of private  (5) Simonides is still in the chrysalis or grub condition of private
-    citizenship; he has not broken the shell as yet of ordinary + citizenship; he has not broken the shell as yet of ordinary 
-    manhood.+ manhood.
  
  (6) Lit. "in that case, I think I should best be able to point out the  (6) Lit. "in that case, I think I should best be able to point out the
-    'differentia' of either."+ 'differentia' of either."
  
 Thus it was that Simonides spoke first: Well then, as to private persons, for my part I observe, (7) or seem to have observed, that we are liable to various pains and pleasures, in the shape of sights, sounds, odours, meats, and drinks, which are conveyed through certain avenues of sense—to wit, the eyes, ears, nostrils, mouth. And there are other pleasures, those named of Aphrodite, of which the channels are well known. While as to degree of heat and cold, things hard and soft, things light and heavy, the sense appealed to here, I venture to believe, is that of the whole body; (8) whereby we discern these opposites, and derive from them now pain, now pleasure. But with regard to things named good and evil, (9) it appears to me that sometimes the mind (or soul) itself is the sole instrument by which we register our pains and pleasures; whilst at other times such pains and pleasures are derived conjointly through both soul and body. (10) There are some pleasures, further, if I may trust my own sensations, which are conveyed in sleep, though how and by what means and when precisely, are matters as to which I am still more conscious of my ignorance. Nor is it to be wondered at perhaps, if the perceptions of waking life in some way strike more clearly on our senses than do those of sleep. (11) Thus it was that Simonides spoke first: Well then, as to private persons, for my part I observe, (7) or seem to have observed, that we are liable to various pains and pleasures, in the shape of sights, sounds, odours, meats, and drinks, which are conveyed through certain avenues of sense—to wit, the eyes, ears, nostrils, mouth. And there are other pleasures, those named of Aphrodite, of which the channels are well known. While as to degree of heat and cold, things hard and soft, things light and heavy, the sense appealed to here, I venture to believe, is that of the whole body; (8) whereby we discern these opposites, and derive from them now pain, now pleasure. But with regard to things named good and evil, (9) it appears to me that sometimes the mind (or soul) itself is the sole instrument by which we register our pains and pleasures; whilst at other times such pains and pleasures are derived conjointly through both soul and body. (10) There are some pleasures, further, if I may trust my own sensations, which are conveyed in sleep, though how and by what means and when precisely, are matters as to which I am still more conscious of my ignorance. Nor is it to be wondered at perhaps, if the perceptions of waking life in some way strike more clearly on our senses than do those of sleep. (11)
  
  (7) Or, "if I may trust my powers of observation I would say that  (7) Or, "if I may trust my powers of observation I would say that
-    common men are capable of pains and pleasures conveyed through + common men are capable of pains and pleasures conveyed through 
-    certain avenues of sense, as sight through our eyes, sounds + certain avenues of sense, as sight through our eyes, sounds 
-    through our ears, smells through our noses, and meats and drinks + through our ears, smells through our noses, and meats and drinks 
-    through our mouths."+ through our mouths."
  
  (8) Cf. Cic. "de N. D." ii. 56, S. 141.  (8) Cf. Cic. "de N. D." ii. 56, S. 141.
  
  (9) Reading {edesthai te kai lupeisthai...} or if with Breit  (9) Reading {edesthai te kai lupeisthai...} or if with Breit
-    reading {ote d' au lupeisthai}, transl. "then as to good and evil + reading {ote d' au lupeisthai}, transl. "then as to good and evil 
-    we are affected pleasurably or painfully, as the case may be: + we are affected pleasurably or painfully, as the case may be: 
-    sometimes, if I am right in my conclusion, through the mind itself + sometimes, if I am right in my conclusion, through the mind itself 
-    alone; at other times..."+ alone; at other times..."
  
  (10) Or, "they are mental partly, partly physical."  (10) Or, "they are mental partly, partly physical."
  
  (11) Lit. "the incidents of waking life present sensations of a more  (11) Lit. "the incidents of waking life present sensations of a more
-    vivid character."+ vivid character."
  
 To this statement Hiero made answer: And I, for my part, O Simonides, would find it hard to state, outside the list of things which you have named yourself, in what respect the despot can have other channels of perception. (12) So that up to this point I do not see that the despotic life differs in any way at all from that of common people. To this statement Hiero made answer: And I, for my part, O Simonides, would find it hard to state, outside the list of things which you have named yourself, in what respect the despot can have other channels of perception. (12) So that up to this point I do not see that the despotic life differs in any way at all from that of common people.
  
  (12) i.e. "being like constituted, the autocratic person has no other  (12) i.e. "being like constituted, the autocratic person has no other
-    sources of perception: he has no claim to a wider gamut of + sources of perception: he has no claim to a wider gamut of 
-    sensation, and consequently thus far there is not a pin to choose + sensation, and consequently thus far there is not a pin to choose 
-    between the life of the despot and that of a private person."+ between the life of the despot and that of a private person."
  
 Then Simonides: Only in this respect it surely differs, in that the pleasures which the "tyrant" enjoys through all these several avenues of sense are many times more numerous, and the pains he suffers are far fewer. Then Simonides: Only in this respect it surely differs, in that the pleasures which the "tyrant" enjoys through all these several avenues of sense are many times more numerous, and the pains he suffers are far fewer.
Line 77: Line 77:
  
  (14) {en tois dia tes opseos theamasi}. See Hartman, "An. Xen. Nova,"  (14) {en tois dia tes opseos theamasi}. See Hartman, "An. Xen. Nova,"
-    p. 246. {theamasi} = "spectacular effects," is perhaps a gloss on + p. 246. {theamasi} = "spectacular effects," is perhaps a gloss on 
-    "all objects apprehensible through vision." Holden (crit. app.) + "all objects apprehensible through vision." Holden (crit. app.) 
-    would rather omit {dia tes opseos} with Schneid.+ would rather omit {dia tes opseos} with Schneid.
  
  (15) The words are perhaps a gloss.  (15) The words are perhaps a gloss.
Line 86: Line 86:
  
  (17) Omitting {einai}, or if with Breit. {dokei einai...  (17) Omitting {einai}, or if with Breit. {dokei einai...
-    sunageiresthai}, transl. "in which it is recognised that sights + sunageiresthai}, transl. "in which it is recognised that sights 
-    are to be seen best fitted to enchain the eyes and congregate vast + are to be seen best fitted to enchain the eyes and congregate vast 
-    masses." For other emendations see Holden, crit. app.; Hartm. op. + masses." For other emendations see Holden, crit. app.; Hartm. op. 
-    cit. p. 258.+ cit. p. 258.
  
  (18) "Religious embassies"; it. "Theories." See Thuc. vi. 16; "Mem."  (18) "Religious embassies"; it. "Theories." See Thuc. vi. 16; "Mem."
-    IV. viii. 2.+ IV. viii. 2.
  
  (19) Lit. "not stronger than those present."  (19) Lit. "not stronger than those present."
  
  (20) Or, "The dread oppresses him, he may be deprived of his empire  (20) Or, "The dread oppresses him, he may be deprived of his empire
-    and yet be powerless."+ and yet be powerless."
  
  (21) Cf. Plat. "Rep." ix. 579 B: "His soul is dainty and greedy; and  (21) Cf. Plat. "Rep." ix. 579 B: "His soul is dainty and greedy; and
-    yet he only of all men is never allowed to go on a journey, or to + yet he only of all men is never allowed to go on a journey, or to 
-    see things which other free men desire to see; but he lives in his + see things which other free men desire to see; but he lives in his 
-    hole like a woman hidden in the house, and is jealous of any other + hole like a woman hidden in the house, and is jealous of any other 
-    citizen who goes into foreign parts and sees things of interest" + citizen who goes into foreign parts and sees things of interest" 
-    (Jowett).+ (Jowett).
  
 Perhaps you will retort: "Why should he trouble to go abroad to seek for such things? They are sure to come to him, although he stops at home." Yes, Simonides, that is so far true; a small percentage of them no doubt will, and this scant moiety will be sold at so high a price to the despotic monarch, that the exhibitor of the merest trifle looks to receive from the imperial pocket, within the briefest interval, ten times more than he can hope to win from all the rest of mankind in a lifetime; and then he will be off. (22) Perhaps you will retort: "Why should he trouble to go abroad to seek for such things? They are sure to come to him, although he stops at home." Yes, Simonides, that is so far true; a small percentage of them no doubt will, and this scant moiety will be sold at so high a price to the despotic monarch, that the exhibitor of the merest trifle looks to receive from the imperial pocket, within the briefest interval, ten times more than he can hope to win from all the rest of mankind in a lifetime; and then he will be off. (22)
  
  (22) Lit. "to get from the tyrant all in a moment many times more than  (22) Lit. "to get from the tyrant all in a moment many times more than
-    he will earn from all the rest of mankind in a whole lifetime, and + he will earn from all the rest of mankind in a whole lifetime, and 
-    depart."+ depart."
  
 To which Simonides: Well, granted you have the worst of it in sights and sightseeing; yet, you must admit you are large gainers through the sense of hearing; you who are never stinted of that sweetest of all sounds, (23) the voice of praise, since all around you are for ever praising everything you do and everything you say. Whilst, conversely, to that most harsh and grating of all sounds, the language of abuse, your ears are sealed, since no one cares to speak evil against a monarch to his face. To which Simonides: Well, granted you have the worst of it in sights and sightseeing; yet, you must admit you are large gainers through the sense of hearing; you who are never stinted of that sweetest of all sounds, (23) the voice of praise, since all around you are for ever praising everything you do and everything you say. Whilst, conversely, to that most harsh and grating of all sounds, the language of abuse, your ears are sealed, since no one cares to speak evil against a monarch to his face.
  
  (23) Cf. Cic. "pro Arch." 20, "Themistoclem illum dixisse aiunt cum ex  (23) Cf. Cic. "pro Arch." 20, "Themistoclem illum dixisse aiunt cum ex
-    eo quaereretur, 'quod acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime + eo quaereretur, 'quod acroama aut cujus vocem libentissime 
-    audiret': 'ejus, a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur.'"+ audiret': 'ejus, a quo sua virtus optime praedicaretur.'"
  
 Then Hiero: And what pleasure do you suppose mere abstinence from evil words implies, when it is an open secret that those silent persons are cherishing all evil thoughts against the tyrant? (24) What mirth, do you imagine, is to be extracted from their panegyrics who are suspected of bestowing praise out of mere flattery? Then Hiero: And what pleasure do you suppose mere abstinence from evil words implies, when it is an open secret that those silent persons are cherishing all evil thoughts against the tyrant? (24) What mirth, do you imagine, is to be extracted from their panegyrics who are suspected of bestowing praise out of mere flattery?
  
  (24) "One knows plainly that these dumb attendants stand there like  (24) "One knows plainly that these dumb attendants stand there like
-    mutes, but harbour every evil thought against their autocratic + mutes, but harbour every evil thought against their autocratic 
-    lord."+ lord."
  
 Simonides made answer: Yes, I must indeed admit, I do concede to you, that praise alone is sweetest which is breathed from lips of free men absolutely free. But, look you, here is a point: you will find it hard to persuade another, that you despots, within the limits of those things whereby we one and all sustain our bodies, in respect, that is, of meats and drinks, have not a far wider range of pleasures. Simonides made answer: Yes, I must indeed admit, I do concede to you, that praise alone is sweetest which is breathed from lips of free men absolutely free. But, look you, here is a point: you will find it hard to persuade another, that you despots, within the limits of those things whereby we one and all sustain our bodies, in respect, that is, of meats and drinks, have not a far wider range of pleasures.
Line 131: Line 131:
  
  (25) {ta peritta ton ikanon}. These words Hartm. op. cit. p. 254,  (25) {ta peritta ton ikanon}. These words Hartm. op. cit. p. 254,
-    regards as an excrescence.+ regards as an excrescence.
  
 Yes, but good gracious! surely (broke in Simonides), during the actual time, (26) before the appetite is cloyed, the gastronomic pleasure derived from the costlier bill of fare far exceeds that of the cheaper dinner-table. Yes, but good gracious! surely (broke in Simonides), during the actual time, (26) before the appetite is cloyed, the gastronomic pleasure derived from the costlier bill of fare far exceeds that of the cheaper dinner-table.
  
  (26) Lit. "so long as the soul (i.e. the appetite) accepts with  (26) Lit. "so long as the soul (i.e. the appetite) accepts with
-    pleasure the viands"; i.e. there's an interval, at any rate, + pleasure the viands"; i.e. there's an interval, at any rate, 
-    during which "such as my soul delights in" can still apply and for + during which "such as my soul delights in" can still apply and for 
-    so long.+ so long.
  
 But, as a matter of plain logic (Hiero retorted), should you not say, the greater the pleasure a man feels in any business, the more enthusiastic his devotion to it? But, as a matter of plain logic (Hiero retorted), should you not say, the greater the pleasure a man feels in any business, the more enthusiastic his devotion to it?
Line 149: Line 149:
  
  (27) "No, not more pleasure, but exceptional fastidiousness, if what  (27) "No, not more pleasure, but exceptional fastidiousness, if what
-    people say is true." {agleukesteron}, said ap. Suid. to be a + people say is true." {agleukesteron}, said ap. Suid. to be a 
-    Sicilian word = "more sourly."+ Sicilian word = "more sourly."
  
 Well (Hiero continued), and all these wonderfully-made dishes which are set before the tyrant, or nine-tenths of them, perhaps you have observed, are combinations of things acid to the taste, or pungent, or astringent, or akin to these? (28) Well (Hiero continued), and all these wonderfully-made dishes which are set before the tyrant, or nine-tenths of them, perhaps you have observed, are combinations of things acid to the taste, or pungent, or astringent, or akin to these? (28)
  
  (28) Lit. "and their congeners," "their analogues," e.g. "curries,  (28) Lit. "and their congeners," "their analogues," e.g. "curries,
-    pickles, bitters, peppery condiments."+ pickles, bitters, peppery condiments."
  
 To be sure they are (he answered), unnatural viands, one and all, in my opinion, most alien to ordinary palates. (29) To be sure they are (he answered), unnatural viands, one and all, in my opinion, most alien to ordinary palates. (29)
  
  (29) Or, "unsuited to man's taste," "'caviare to the general' I name  (29) Or, "unsuited to man's taste," "'caviare to the general' I name
-    them."+ them."
  
 Hiero. In fact, these condiments can only be regarded as the cravings (30) of a stomach weakened by luxurious living; since I am quite sure that keen appetites (and you, I fancy, know it well too) have not the slightest need for all these delicate made things. Hiero. In fact, these condiments can only be regarded as the cravings (30) of a stomach weakened by luxurious living; since I am quite sure that keen appetites (and you, I fancy, know it well too) have not the slightest need for all these delicate made things.
  
  (30) Cf. Plat. "Laws," 687 C; "Hipp." ii. 44. Lit. "can you in fact  (30) Cf. Plat. "Laws," 687 C; "Hipp." ii. 44. Lit. "can you in fact
-    regard these condiments as other than..." See Holden ad loc. + regard these condiments as other than..." See Holden ad loc. 
-    (ed. 1888); Hartm. op. cit. p. 259, suggests {enthumemata}, + (ed. 1888); Hartm. op. cit. p. 259, suggests {enthumemata}, 
-    "inventions."+ "inventions."
  
 It is true, at any rate (observed Simonides), about those costly perfumes, with which your persons are anointed, that your neighbours rather than yourselves extract enjoyment from them; just as the unpleasant odour of some meats is not so obvious to the eater as to those who come in contact with him. It is true, at any rate (observed Simonides), about those costly perfumes, with which your persons are anointed, that your neighbours rather than yourselves extract enjoyment from them; just as the unpleasant odour of some meats is not so obvious to the eater as to those who come in contact with him.
Line 174: Line 174:
  
  (31) {meta kharas}. Cf. Aesch. Fr. 237, {stomatos en prote khara}, of  (31) {meta kharas}. Cf. Aesch. Fr. 237, {stomatos en prote khara}, of
-    a hungry man; "Od." xvii. 603.+ a hungry man; "Od." xvii. 603.
  
 It looks very much (interposed Simonides) as if the sole pleasure left you to explain the vulgar ambition to wear a crown, must be that named after Aphrodite. For in this field it is your privilege to consort with whatever fairest fair your eyes may light on. It looks very much (interposed Simonides) as if the sole pleasure left you to explain the vulgar ambition to wear a crown, must be that named after Aphrodite. For in this field it is your privilege to consort with whatever fairest fair your eyes may light on.
Line 181: Line 181:
  
  (32) Reading {saph' isthi}, or if as Cobet conj. {saphestata}, transl.  (32) Reading {saph' isthi}, or if as Cobet conj. {saphestata}, transl.
-    "are at a disadvantage most clearly by comparison with ordinary + "are at a disadvantage most clearly by comparison with ordinary 
-    folk."+ folk."
  
 To name marriage first. I presume a marriage (33) which is contracted with some great family, superior in wealth and influence, bears away the palm, since it confers upon the bridegroom not pleasure only but distinction. (34) Next comes the marriage made with equals; and last, wedlock with inferiors, which is apt to be regarded as degrading and disserviceable. To name marriage first. I presume a marriage (33) which is contracted with some great family, superior in wealth and influence, bears away the palm, since it confers upon the bridegroom not pleasure only but distinction. (34) Next comes the marriage made with equals; and last, wedlock with inferiors, which is apt to be regarded as degrading and disserviceable.
Line 193: Line 193:
  
  (35) Al. "supreme content, the quintessential bliss, is quite unknown  (35) Al. "supreme content, the quintessential bliss, is quite unknown
-    to him."+ to him."
  
 The tender service of the proudest-souled of women, wifely rendered, how superlatively charming! (36) and by contrast, how little welcome is such ministration where the wife is but a slave—when present, barely noticed; or if lacking, what fell pains and passions will it not engender! The tender service of the proudest-souled of women, wifely rendered, how superlatively charming! (36) and by contrast, how little welcome is such ministration where the wife is but a slave—when present, barely noticed; or if lacking, what fell pains and passions will it not engender!
  
  (36) Or, "the gentle ministrations of loftiest-thoughted women and  (36) Or, "the gentle ministrations of loftiest-thoughted women and
-    fair wives possess a charm past telling, but from slaves, if + fair wives possess a charm past telling, but from slaves, if 
-    tendered, the reverse of welcome, or if not forthcoming..."+ tendered, the reverse of welcome, or if not forthcoming..."
  
 And if we come to masculine attachments, still more than in those whose end is procreation, the tyrant finds himself defrauded of such mirthfulness, (37) poor monarch! Since all of us are well aware, I fancy, that for highest satisfaction, (38) amorous deeds need love's strong passion. (39) And if we come to masculine attachments, still more than in those whose end is procreation, the tyrant finds himself defrauded of such mirthfulness, (37) poor monarch! Since all of us are well aware, I fancy, that for highest satisfaction, (38) amorous deeds need love's strong passion. (39)
  
  (37) "Joys sacred to that goddess fair and free in Heaven yclept  (37) "Joys sacred to that goddess fair and free in Heaven yclept
-    Euphrosyne."+ Euphrosyne."
  
  (38) For {polu diapherontos} cf. Browning ("Abt Vogler"), not indeed  (38) For {polu diapherontos} cf. Browning ("Abt Vogler"), not indeed
-    of Aphrodisia conjoined with Eros, but of the musician's gift:+ of Aphrodisia conjoined with Eros, but of the musician's gift:
  
         That out of three sounds he frame not a fourth sound, but a         That out of three sounds he frame not a fourth sound, but a
Line 213: Line 213:
  
  (39) i.e. "Eros, the Lord of Passion, must lend his hand." "But," he  (39) i.e. "Eros, the Lord of Passion, must lend his hand." "But," he
-    proceeds, "the god is coy; he has little liking for the breasts of + proceeds, "the god is coy; he has little liking for the breasts of 
-    kings. He is more likely to be found in the cottage of the peasant + kings. He is more likely to be found in the cottage of the peasant 
-    than the king's palace."+ than the king's palace."
  
 But least of all is true love's passion wont to lodge in the hearts of monarchs, for love delights not to swoop on ready prey; he needs the lure of expectation. (40) But least of all is true love's passion wont to lodge in the hearts of monarchs, for love delights not to swoop on ready prey; he needs the lure of expectation. (40)
Line 224: Line 224:
  
  (41) Reading with Holden (after H. Steph.) {osper oun an tis...} or  (41) Reading with Holden (after H. Steph.) {osper oun an tis...} or
-    with Hartm. (op. cit. p. 259) {osper ouk an tis...}+ with Hartm. (op. cit. p. 259) {osper ouk an tis...}
  
 So Hiero ended. So Hiero ended.
Line 233: Line 233:
  
  (42) Lit. "of tyrant to achieve," a met. from the chase. Cf.  (42) Lit. "of tyrant to achieve," a met. from the chase. Cf.
-    "Hunting," xii. 22.+ "Hunting," xii. 22.
  
 Were he my enemy, to wrest some spoil from his unwilling hands would be an exquisite pleasure, to my thinking. But of all sweet favours the sweetest to my notion is the free-will offering of a man's beloved. For instance, how sweet the responsive glance of love for love; how sweet the questions and the answers; (43) and, most sweet of all, most love-enkindling, the battles and the strifes of faithful lovers. (44) But to enjoy (45) one's love perforce (he added) resembles more an act of robbery, in my judgment, than love's pastime. And, indeed, the robber derives some satisfaction from the spoils he wins and from the pain he causes to the man he hates. But to seek pleasure in the pain of one we love devoutly, to kiss and to be hated, to touch (46) and to be loathed—can one conceive a state of things more odious or more pitiful? For, it is a certainty, the ordinary person may accept at once each service rendered by the object of his love as a sign and token of kindliness inspired by affection, since he knows such ministry is free from all compulsion. Whilst to the tyrant, the confidence that he is loved is quite foreclosed. On the contrary, (47) we know for certain that service rendered through terror will stimulate as far as possible the ministrations of affection. And it is a fact, that plots and conspiracies against despotic rulers are oftenest hatched by those who most of all pretend to love them. (48) Were he my enemy, to wrest some spoil from his unwilling hands would be an exquisite pleasure, to my thinking. But of all sweet favours the sweetest to my notion is the free-will offering of a man's beloved. For instance, how sweet the responsive glance of love for love; how sweet the questions and the answers; (43) and, most sweet of all, most love-enkindling, the battles and the strifes of faithful lovers. (44) But to enjoy (45) one's love perforce (he added) resembles more an act of robbery, in my judgment, than love's pastime. And, indeed, the robber derives some satisfaction from the spoils he wins and from the pain he causes to the man he hates. But to seek pleasure in the pain of one we love devoutly, to kiss and to be hated, to touch (46) and to be loathed—can one conceive a state of things more odious or more pitiful? For, it is a certainty, the ordinary person may accept at once each service rendered by the object of his love as a sign and token of kindliness inspired by affection, since he knows such ministry is free from all compulsion. Whilst to the tyrant, the confidence that he is loved is quite foreclosed. On the contrary, (47) we know for certain that service rendered through terror will stimulate as far as possible the ministrations of affection. And it is a fact, that plots and conspiracies against despotic rulers are oftenest hatched by those who most of all pretend to love them. (48)
Line 242: Line 242:
  
  (44) Cf. Ter. "Andr." iii. 3. 23, "amantium irae amoris  (44) Cf. Ter. "Andr." iii. 3. 23, "amantium irae amoris
-    intergratiost."+ intergratiost."
  
  (45) "To make booty of."  (45) "To make booty of."
  
  (46) For {aptesthai} L. & S. cf. Plat. "Laws," 840 A; Aristot. "H. A."  (46) For {aptesthai} L. & S. cf. Plat. "Laws," 840 A; Aristot. "H. A."
-    v. 14. 27; Ep. 1 Cor. vii. 1.+ v. 14. 27; Ep. 1 Cor. vii. 1.
  
  (47) Reading {au}. "If we do know anything it is this, that," etc.  (47) Reading {au}. "If we do know anything it is this, that," etc.
  
  (48) Or, "do oftenest issue from treacherous make-believe of warmest  (48) Or, "do oftenest issue from treacherous make-believe of warmest
-    friendship." Cf. Grote, "H. G." xi. 288; "Hell." VI. iv. 36.+ friendship." Cf. Grote, "H. G." xi. 288; "Hell." VI. iv. 36. 
 + 
 +===== II =====
  
-II 
  
 To these arguments Simonides replied: Yes, but the topics you have named are to my thinking trifles; drops, as it were, in the wide ocean. How many men, I wonder, have I seen myself, men in the deepest sense, (1) true men, who choose to fare but ill in respect of meats and drinks and delicacies; ay, and what is more, they voluntarily abstain from sexual pleasures. No! it is in quite a different sphere, which I will name at once, that you so far transcend us private citizens. (2) It is in your vast designs, your swift achievements; it is in the overflowing wealth of your possessions; your horses, excellent for breed and mettle; the choice beauty of your arms; the exquisite finery of your wives; the gorgeous palaces in which you dwell, and these, too, furnished with the costliest works of art; add to which the throng of your retainers, courtiers, followers, not in number only but accomplishments a most princely retinue; and lastly, but not least of all, in your supreme ability at once to afflict your foes and benefit your friends. To these arguments Simonides replied: Yes, but the topics you have named are to my thinking trifles; drops, as it were, in the wide ocean. How many men, I wonder, have I seen myself, men in the deepest sense, (1) true men, who choose to fare but ill in respect of meats and drinks and delicacies; ay, and what is more, they voluntarily abstain from sexual pleasures. No! it is in quite a different sphere, which I will name at once, that you so far transcend us private citizens. (2) It is in your vast designs, your swift achievements; it is in the overflowing wealth of your possessions; your horses, excellent for breed and mettle; the choice beauty of your arms; the exquisite finery of your wives; the gorgeous palaces in which you dwell, and these, too, furnished with the costliest works of art; add to which the throng of your retainers, courtiers, followers, not in number only but accomplishments a most princely retinue; and lastly, but not least of all, in your supreme ability at once to afflict your foes and benefit your friends.
  
  (1) Lit. "many among those reputed to be men." Cf. "Cyrop." V. v. 33;  (1) Lit. "many among those reputed to be men." Cf. "Cyrop." V. v. 33;
-    "Hell." i. 24, "their hero"; and below, viii. 3. Aristoph. "Ach." + "Hell." i. 24, "their hero"; and below, viii. 3. Aristoph. "Ach." 
-    78, {oi barbaroi gar andras egountai monous} | {tous pleista + 78, {oi barbaroi gar andras egountai monous} | {tous pleista 
-    dunamenous phagein te kai piein}: "To the Barbarians 'tis the test + dunamenous phagein te kai piein}: "To the Barbarians 'tis the test 
-    of manhood: there the great drinkers are the greatest men" + of manhood: there the great drinkers are the greatest men" 
-    (Frere); id. "Knights," 179; "Clouds," 823; so Latin "vir." See + (Frere); id. "Knights," 179; "Clouds," 823; so Latin "vir." See 
-    Holden ad loc.+ Holden ad loc.
  
  (2) "Us lesser mortals."  (2) "Us lesser mortals."
Line 277: Line 278:
  
  (4) Lit. "the majority of things"; al. "the thousand details of a  (4) Lit. "the majority of things"; al. "the thousand details of a
-    thing."+ thing."
  
 For instance, if peace is held to be a mighty blessing to mankind, then of peace despotic monarchs are scant sharers. Or is war a curse? If so, of this particular pest your monarch shares the largest moiety. For, look you, the private citizen, unless his city-state should chance to be engaged in some common war, (5) is free to travel wheresoe'er he chooses without fear of being done to death, whereas the tyrant cannot stir without setting his foot on hostile territory. At any rate, nothing will persuade him but he must go through life armed, and on all occasions drag about with him armed satellites. In the next place, the private citizen, even during an expedition into hostile territory, (6) can comfort himself in the reflection that as soon as he gets back home he will be safe from further peril. Whereas the tyrant knows precisely the reverse; as soon as he arrives in his own city, he will find himself in the centre of hostility at once. Or let us suppose that an invading army, superior in force, is marching against a city: however much the weaker population, whilst they are still outside their walls, may feel the stress of danger, yet once within their trenches one and all expect to find themselves in absolute security. But the tyrant is not out of danger, even when he has passed the portals of his palace. Nay! there of all places most, he feels, he must maintain the strictist watch. (7) Again, to the private citizen there will come eventually, either through truce or terms of peace, respite from war; but for the tyrant, the day of peace will never dawn. What peace can he have with those over whom he exercises his despotic sway? (8) Nor have the terms of truce been yet devised, on which the despotic ruler may rely with confidence. (9) For instance, if peace is held to be a mighty blessing to mankind, then of peace despotic monarchs are scant sharers. Or is war a curse? If so, of this particular pest your monarch shares the largest moiety. For, look you, the private citizen, unless his city-state should chance to be engaged in some common war, (5) is free to travel wheresoe'er he chooses without fear of being done to death, whereas the tyrant cannot stir without setting his foot on hostile territory. At any rate, nothing will persuade him but he must go through life armed, and on all occasions drag about with him armed satellites. In the next place, the private citizen, even during an expedition into hostile territory, (6) can comfort himself in the reflection that as soon as he gets back home he will be safe from further peril. Whereas the tyrant knows precisely the reverse; as soon as he arrives in his own city, he will find himself in the centre of hostility at once. Or let us suppose that an invading army, superior in force, is marching against a city: however much the weaker population, whilst they are still outside their walls, may feel the stress of danger, yet once within their trenches one and all expect to find themselves in absolute security. But the tyrant is not out of danger, even when he has passed the portals of his palace. Nay! there of all places most, he feels, he must maintain the strictist watch. (7) Again, to the private citizen there will come eventually, either through truce or terms of peace, respite from war; but for the tyrant, the day of peace will never dawn. What peace can he have with those over whom he exercises his despotic sway? (8) Nor have the terms of truce been yet devised, on which the despotic ruler may rely with confidence. (9)
  
  (5) {koinon}, i.e. making demands upon the energies of all the  (5) {koinon}, i.e. making demands upon the energies of all the
-    citizens in common, as opposed to the personal character of war as + citizens in common, as opposed to the personal character of war as 
-    conducted by a despot = "public," "patriotic," "national" war. Al. + conducted by a despot = "public," "patriotic," "national" war. Al. 
-    borne by the particular {polis} as member of a league, whether of + borne by the particular {polis} as member of a league, whether of 
-    states united for the time being in a {summakhia}, or permanently + states united for the time being in a {summakhia}, or permanently 
-    in a confederacy = a "federal" war.+ in a confederacy = a "federal" war.
  
  (6) "Even if serving on a campaign in the enemy's country."  (6) "Even if serving on a campaign in the enemy's country."
Line 293: Line 294:
  
  (8) "With those who are 'absolutely governed,' not to say tyrannically  (8) "With those who are 'absolutely governed,' not to say tyrannically
-    ruled."+ ruled."
  
  (9) Or, "which the tyrant may accept in faith and go his way  (9) Or, "which the tyrant may accept in faith and go his way
-    rejoicing."+ rejoicing."
  
 Wars doubtless there are, (10) wars waged by states and wars waged by autocratic monarchs against those whom they have forcibly enslaved, and in respect of these wars there is no hardship which any member of the states at war (11) can suffer but the tyrant will feel it also. That is to say, both must alike be under arms, keep guard, run risks; and whatever the pains of defeat may be, they are equally sustained by both. Up to this point there is no distinction. The "bitters" are equal. But when we come to estimate the "sweets" derivable from warfare between states, (12) the parallel ceases. The tyrant, if he shared the pains before, no longer shares the pleasures now. What happens when a state has gained the mastery in battle over her antagonist? It would be hard (I take it) to describe the joy of that occurrence: joy in the rout, joy in the pursuit, joy in the slaughter of their enemies; and in what language shall I describe the exultation of these warriors at their feats of arms? With what assumption they bind on their brows the glittering wreath of glory; (13) with what mirth and jollity congratulate themselves on having raised their city to newer heights of fame. Each several citizen claims to have shared in the plan of the campaign, (14) and to have slain the largest number. Indeed it would be hard to find where false embellishment will not creep in, (15) the number stated to be the slain exceeding that of those that actually perished. So truly glorious a thing it seems to them to have won a great victory. (16) Wars doubtless there are, (10) wars waged by states and wars waged by autocratic monarchs against those whom they have forcibly enslaved, and in respect of these wars there is no hardship which any member of the states at war (11) can suffer but the tyrant will feel it also. That is to say, both must alike be under arms, keep guard, run risks; and whatever the pains of defeat may be, they are equally sustained by both. Up to this point there is no distinction. The "bitters" are equal. But when we come to estimate the "sweets" derivable from warfare between states, (12) the parallel ceases. The tyrant, if he shared the pains before, no longer shares the pleasures now. What happens when a state has gained the mastery in battle over her antagonist? It would be hard (I take it) to describe the joy of that occurrence: joy in the rout, joy in the pursuit, joy in the slaughter of their enemies; and in what language shall I describe the exultation of these warriors at their feats of arms? With what assumption they bind on their brows the glittering wreath of glory; (13) with what mirth and jollity congratulate themselves on having raised their city to newer heights of fame. Each several citizen claims to have shared in the plan of the campaign, (14) and to have slain the largest number. Indeed it would be hard to find where false embellishment will not creep in, (15) the number stated to be the slain exceeding that of those that actually perished. So truly glorious a thing it seems to them to have won a great victory. (16)
  
  (10) Lit. "and further, wars there are, waged against  (10) Lit. "and further, wars there are, waged against
-     forcibly-subjected populations whether by free states"—e.g. + forcibly-subjected populations whether by free states"—e.g. 
-     of Olynthus, "Hell." V. ii. 23, or Athens against her + of Olynthus, "Hell." V. ii. 23, or Athens against her 
-     "subject allies" during the Pel. war—"or by despotic + "subject allies" during the Pel. war—"or by despotic 
-     rules"—Jason of Pherae ("Hell." VI.) Al. "wars waged by + rules"—Jason of Pherae ("Hell." VI.) Al. "wars waged by 
-     free states against free states, and wars waged by tyrants + free states against free states, and wars waged by tyrants 
-     against enslaved peoples."+ against enslaved peoples."
  
  (11) Does {o en tais polesi} = "the citizen"? So some commentators; or  (11) Does {o en tais polesi} = "the citizen"? So some commentators; or
-    (sub. {polemos}) = "the war among states" (see Hartman, op. cit. + (sub. {polemos}) = "the war among states" (see Hartman, op. cit. 
-    p. 248)? in which case transl. "all the hardships involved in + p. 248)? in which case transl. "all the hardships involved in 
-    international war come home to the tyrant also." The same + international war come home to the tyrant also." The same 
-    obscurity attaches to {oi en tais polesi} below (the commonly + obscurity attaches to {oi en tais polesi} below (the commonly 
-    adopted emend. of the MS. {oi sunontes polesi}) = "the citizens," + adopted emend. of the MS. {oi sunontes polesi}) = "the citizens," 
-    or else = "international wars."+ or else = "international wars."
  
  (12) "The pleasures incidental to warfare between states"; al. "the  (12) "The pleasures incidental to warfare between states"; al. "the
-    sweets which citizens engaged in warfare as against rival states + sweets which citizens engaged in warfare as against rival states 
-    can count upon."+ can count upon."
  
  (13) Reading {analambanousin}, or, if after Cobet, etc.,  (13) Reading {analambanousin}, or, if after Cobet, etc.,
-    {lambanousin}, transl. "what brilliant honour, what bright credit + {lambanousin}, transl. "what brilliant honour, what bright credit 
-    they assume."+ they assume."
  
  (14) "To have played his part in counsel." See "Anab." passim, and M.  (14) "To have played his part in counsel." See "Anab." passim, and M.
-    Taine, "Essais de Critique," "Xenophon," p. 128.+ Taine, "Essais de Critique," "Xenophon," p. 128.
  
  (15) Lit. "they do not indulge in false additions, pretending to have  (15) Lit. "they do not indulge in false additions, pretending to have
-    put more enemies to death than actually fell."+ put more enemies to death than actually fell."
  
  (16) Cf. "Hipparch," viii. 11; "Cyrop." VIII. iii. 25; "Thuc." i. 49.  (16) Cf. "Hipparch," viii. 11; "Cyrop." VIII. iii. 25; "Thuc." i. 49.
Line 344: Line 345:
  (21) Or, "Such then, as I describe it, is the type of war," etc.  (21) Or, "Such then, as I describe it, is the type of war," etc.
  
-III+===== III ===== 
  
 Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to tyrants to partake. And first, let us examine with ourselves and see if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man. Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to tyrants to partake. And first, let us examine with ourselves and see if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man.
Line 351: Line 353:
  
  (1) Reading {an ate}, or if {an apie}, transl. "have yearning hearts  (1) Reading {an ate}, or if {an apie}, transl. "have yearning hearts
-    when he must leave them."+ when he must leave them."
  
  (2) See Anton Rubinstein, "Die Musik and ihre Meister," p. 8, "Some  (2) See Anton Rubinstein, "Die Musik and ihre Meister," p. 8, "Some
-    Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op. 81."+ Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op. 81."
  
  (3) Cf. "Cyrop." I. vi. 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and  (3) Cf. "Cyrop." I. vi. 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and
-    phraseology.+ phraseology.
  
 Nay! it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that friendship is the greatest boon, the sweetest happiness which men may taste. At any rate, the custom holds (4) in many states "to slay the adulterer" alone of all "with impunity," (5) for this reason clearly that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship (6) which binds the woman to the husband. Since where by some untoward chance a woman suffers violation of her chastity, (7) husbands do not the less honour them, as far as that goes, provided true affection still appear unsullied. (8) Nay! it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that friendship is the greatest boon, the sweetest happiness which men may taste. At any rate, the custom holds (4) in many states "to slay the adulterer" alone of all "with impunity," (5) for this reason clearly that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship (6) which binds the woman to the husband. Since where by some untoward chance a woman suffers violation of her chastity, (7) husbands do not the less honour them, as far as that goes, provided true affection still appear unsullied. (8)
  
  (4) Lit. "many of the states have a law and custom to," etc. Cf. "Pol.  (4) Lit. "many of the states have a law and custom to," etc. Cf. "Pol.
-    Lac." ii. 4.+ Lac." ii. 4.
  
  (5) Cf. Plat. "Laws," 874 C, "if a man find his wife suffering  (5) Cf. Plat. "Laws," 874 C, "if a man find his wife suffering
-    violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of + violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of 
-    the law." Dem. "in Aristocr." 53, {ean tis apokteine en athlois + the law." Dem. "in Aristocr." 53, {ean tis apokteine en athlois 
-    akon... e epi damarti, k.t.l.... touton eneka me pheugein + akon... e epi damarti, k.t.l.... touton eneka me pheugein 
-    kteinanta}.+ kteinanta}.
  
  (6) See Lys. "de caed Eratosth." S. 32 f., {outos, o andres, tous  (6) See Lys. "de caed Eratosth." S. 32 f., {outos, o andres, tous
-    biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous + biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous 
-    peithontas. ton men gar thanaton kategno, tois de diplen epoiese + peithontas. ton men gar thanaton kategno, tois de diplen epoiese 
-    ten blaben, egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton + ten blaben, egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton 
-    biasthenton miseisthai, tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas + biasthenton miseisthai, tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas 
-    diaphtheirein ost' oikeioteras autois poiein tas allotrias + diaphtheirein ost' oikeioteras autois poiein tas allotrias 
-    gunaikas e tois andrasi kai pasan ep' ekeinois ten oikian + gunaikas e tois andrasi kai pasan ep' ekeinois ten oikian 
-    gegonenai kai tous paidas adelous einai opoteron tugkhanousin + gegonenai kai tous paidas adelous einai opoteron tugkhanousin 
-    ontes, ton andron e ton moikhon. anth' on o ton nomon titheis + ontes, ton andron e ton moikhon. anth' on o ton nomon titheis 
-    thanaton autois epoiese ten zemian}. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 39; + thanaton autois epoiese ten zemian}. Cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 39; 
-    "Symp." viii. 20; Plut. "Sol." xxiii., {olos de pleisten ekhein + "Symp." viii. 20; Plut. "Sol." xxiii., {olos de pleisten ekhein 
-    atopian oi peri ton gunaikon nomoi to Soloni dokousi. moikhon men + atopian oi peri ton gunaikon nomoi to Soloni dokousi. moikhon men 
-    gar anelein tio labonti dedoken, ean d' arpase tis eleutheran + gar anelein tio labonti dedoken, ean d' arpase tis eleutheran 
-    gunaika kai biasetai zemian ekaton drakhmas etaxe' kan proagogeue + gunaika kai biasetai zemian ekaton drakhmas etaxe' kan proagogeue 
-    drakhmas aikosi, plen osai pephasmenos polountai, legon de tas + drakhmas aikosi, plen osai pephasmenos polountai, legon de tas 
-    etairas. autai gar emphanos phoitosi pros tous didontas}, "Solon's + etairas. autai gar emphanos phoitosi pros tous didontas}, "Solon's 
-    laws in general about women are his strangest, for he permitted + laws in general about women are his strangest, for he permitted 
-    any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act; but if any + any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act; but if any 
-    one forced a free woman, a hundred drachmas was the fine; if he + one forced a free woman, a hundred drachmas was the fine; if he 
-    enticed her, twenty;—except those that sell themselves openly, + enticed her, twenty;—except those that sell themselves openly, 
-    that is, harlots, who go openly to those that hire them" (Clough, + that is, harlots, who go openly to those that hire them" (Clough, 
-    i. p. 190).+ i. p. 190).
  
  (7) Or, "fall a victim to passion through some calamity," "commit a  (7) Or, "fall a victim to passion through some calamity," "commit a
-    breach of chastity." Cf. Aristot. "H. A." VII. i. 9.+ breach of chastity." Cf. Aristot. "H. A." VII. i. 9.
  
  (8) Or, "if true affection still retain its virgin purity." As to this  (8) Or, "if true affection still retain its virgin purity." As to this
-    extraordinary passage, see Hartman, op. cit. p. 242 foll.+ extraordinary passage, see Hartman, op. cit. p. 242 foll.
  
 So sovereign a good do I, for my part, esteem it to be loved, that I do verily believe spontaneous blessings are outpoured from gods and men on one so favoured. So sovereign a good do I, for my part, esteem it to be loved, that I do verily believe spontaneous blessings are outpoured from gods and men on one so favoured.
Line 410: Line 412:
  
  (10) Or, "that these more obvious affections are the sanctities of  (10) Or, "that these more obvious affections are the sanctities of
-    private life."+ private life."
  
  (11) Or, "have caught at the throats of brothers"; lit. "been slain  (11) Or, "have caught at the throats of brothers"; lit. "been slain
-    with mutually-murderous hand." Cf. Pind. Fr. 137; Aesch. "Sept. c. + with mutually-murderous hand." Cf. Pind. Fr. 137; Aesch. "Sept. c. 
-    Theb." 931; "Ag." 1575, concerning Eteocles and Polynices.+ Theb." 931; "Ag." 1575, concerning Eteocles and Polynices.
  
  (12) See Grote, "H. G." xi. 288, xii. 6; "Hell." VI. iv. 36; Isocr.  (12) See Grote, "H. G." xi. 288, xii. 6; "Hell." VI. iv. 36; Isocr.
-    "On the Peace," 182; Plut. "Dem. Pol." iii. (Clough, v. p. 98); + "On the Peace," 182; Plut. "Dem. Pol." iii. (Clough, v. p. 98); 
-    Tac. "Hist." v. 8, about the family feuds of the kings of Judaea.+ Tac. "Hist." v. 8, about the family feuds of the kings of Judaea.
  
  (13) "It was his own familiar friend who dealt the blow, the nearest  (13) "It was his own familiar friend who dealt the blow, the nearest
-    and dearest to his heart."+ and dearest to his heart."
  
 How can you suppose, then, that being so hated by those whom nature predisposes and law compels to love him, the tyrant should be loved by any living soul beside? How can you suppose, then, that being so hated by those whom nature predisposes and law compels to love him, the tyrant should be loved by any living soul beside?
  
-IV+===== IV ===== 
  
 Again, without some moiety of faith and trust, (1) how can a man not feel to be defrauded of a mighty blessing? One may well ask: What fellowship, what converse, what society would be agreeable without confidence? What intercourse between man and wife be sweet apart from trustfulness? How should the "faithful esquire" whose faith is mistrusted still be lief and dear? (2) Again, without some moiety of faith and trust, (1) how can a man not feel to be defrauded of a mighty blessing? One may well ask: What fellowship, what converse, what society would be agreeable without confidence? What intercourse between man and wife be sweet apart from trustfulness? How should the "faithful esquire" whose faith is mistrusted still be lief and dear? (2)
Line 432: Line 435:
  
  (2) Or, "the trusty knight and serving-man." Cf. "Morte d'Arthur,"  (2) Or, "the trusty knight and serving-man." Cf. "Morte d'Arthur,"
-    xxi. 5, King Arthur and Sir Bedivere.+ xxi. 5, King Arthur and Sir Bedivere.
  
 Well, then, of this frank confidence in others the tyrant has the scantiest share. (3) Seeing his life is such, he cannot even trust his meats and drinks, but he must bid his serving-men before the feast begins, or ever the libation to the gods is poured, (4) to taste the viands, out of sheer mistrust there may be mischief lurking in the cup or platter. (5) Well, then, of this frank confidence in others the tyrant has the scantiest share. (3) Seeing his life is such, he cannot even trust his meats and drinks, but he must bid his serving-men before the feast begins, or ever the libation to the gods is poured, (4) to taste the viands, out of sheer mistrust there may be mischief lurking in the cup or platter. (5)
Line 445: Line 448:
  
  (6) "Are their own 'satellites,' spear-bearers." Cf. Thuc. i. 130;  (6) "Are their own 'satellites,' spear-bearers." Cf. Thuc. i. 130;
-    Herod. ii. 168; vii. 127.+ Herod. ii. 168; vii. 127.
  
  (7) "Pushed so far the principle of mutual self-aid."  (7) "Pushed so far the principle of mutual self-aid."
  
  (8) "Thanks to the blessing of a fatherland each citizen may spend his  (8) "Thanks to the blessing of a fatherland each citizen may spend his
-    days in peace and safety."+ days in peace and safety."
  
 But for the tyrant it is again exactly the reverse. (9) Instead of aiding or avenging their despotic lord, cities bestow large honours on the slayer of a tyrant; ay, and in lieu of excommunicating the tyrannicide from sacred shrines, (10) as is the case with murderers of private citizens, they set up statues of the doers of such deeds (11) in temples. But for the tyrant it is again exactly the reverse. (9) Instead of aiding or avenging their despotic lord, cities bestow large honours on the slayer of a tyrant; ay, and in lieu of excommunicating the tyrannicide from sacred shrines, (10) as is the case with murderers of private citizens, they set up statues of the doers of such deeds (11) in temples.
  
- (9) "Matters are once more reversed precisely," "it is all + (9) "Matters are once more reversed precisely," "it is all 'topsy-turvy.'"
-     'topsy-turvy.'"+
  
  (10) "And sacrifices." Cf. Dem. "c. Lept." 137, {en toinun tois peri  (10) "And sacrifices." Cf. Dem. "c. Lept." 137, {en toinun tois peri
-    touton nomois o Drakon... katharon diorisen einai}. "Now in the + touton nomois o Drakon... katharon diorisen einai}. "Now in the 
-    laws upon this subject, Draco, although he strove to make it + laws upon this subject, Draco, although he strove to make it 
-    fearful and dreadful for a man to slay another, and ordained that + fearful and dreadful for a man to slay another, and ordained that 
-    the homicide should be excluded from lustrations, cups, and + the homicide should be excluded from lustrations, cups, and 
-    drink-offerings, from the temples and the market-place, specifying + drink-offerings, from the temples and the market-place, specifying 
-    everything by which he thought most effectually to restrain people + everything by which he thought most effectually to restrain people 
-    from such a practice, still did not abolish the rule of justice, + from such a practice, still did not abolish the rule of justice, 
-    but laid down the cases in which it should be lawful to kill, and + but laid down the cases in which it should be lawful to kill, and 
-    declared that the killer under such circumstances should be deemed + declared that the killer under such circumstances should be deemed 
-    pure" (C. R. Kennedy).+ pure" (C. R. Kennedy).
  
  (11) e.g. Harmodius and Aristogeiton. See Dem. loc. cit. 138: "The  (11) e.g. Harmodius and Aristogeiton. See Dem. loc. cit. 138: "The
-    same rewards that you gave to Harmodius and Aristogiton," + same rewards that you gave to Harmodius and Aristogiton," 
-    concerning whom Simonides himself wrote a votive couplet:+ concerning whom Simonides himself wrote a votive couplet:
  
         {'E meg' 'Athenaioisi phoos geneth' enik' 'Aristogeiton         {'E meg' 'Athenaioisi phoos geneth' enik' 'Aristogeiton
Line 479: Line 481:
  
  (12) Or, "It gives no pleasure to the athlete to win victories over  (12) Or, "It gives no pleasure to the athlete to win victories over
-    amateurs." See "Mem." III. viii. 7.+ amateurs." See "Mem." III. viii. 7.
  
  (13) Or, "each time it is brought home to him that," etc.  (13) Or, "each time it is brought home to him that," etc.
Line 488: Line 490:
  
  (14) Reading as vulg. {alla mentoi kai penetas opsei oukh outos  (14) Reading as vulg. {alla mentoi kai penetas opsei oukh outos
-    oligous ton idioton os pollous ton turannon}. Lit. "however that + oligous ton idioton os pollous ton turannon}. Lit. "however that 
-    may be, you will see not so few private persons in a state of + may be, you will see not so few private persons in a state of 
-    penury as many despots." Breitenbach del. {oukh}, and transl., + penury as many despots." Breitenbach del. {oukh}, and transl., 
-    "Daher weist du auch in dem Masse wenige Arme unter den + "Daher weist du auch in dem Masse wenige Arme unter den 
-    Privat-leuten finden, als viele unter den Tyrannen." Stob., + Privat-leuten finden, als viele unter den Tyrannen." Stob., 
-    {penetas opsei oligous ton idioton, pollous de ton + {penetas opsei oligous ton idioton, pollous de ton 
-    turannon}. Stob. MS. Par., {alla mentoi kai plousious opsei + turannon}. Stob. MS. Par., {alla mentoi kai plousious opsei 
-    oukh outos oligous ton idioton os penetas pollous ton + oukh outos oligous ton idioton os penetas pollous ton 
-    turannon}. See Holden ad loc. and crit. n.+ turannon}. See Holden ad loc. and crit. n.
  
  (15) Cf. "Mem." IV. ii. 37.  (15) Cf. "Mem." IV. ii. 37.
  
  (16) Or, "not by the number of things we have, but in reference to the  (16) Or, "not by the number of things we have, but in reference to the
-    use we make of them." Cf. "Anab." VII. vii. 36.+ use we make of them." Cf. "Anab." VII. vii. 36.
  
  (17) Dr. Holden aptly cf. Addison, "The Spectator," No. 574, on the  (17) Dr. Holden aptly cf. Addison, "The Spectator," No. 574, on the
-    text "Non possidentem multa vocaveris recte beatum..."+ text "Non possidentem multa vocaveris recte beatum..."
  
 And on this principle the tyrant, with his multiplicity of goods, is less well provided to meet necessary expenses than the private person; since the latter can always cut down his expenditure to suit his daily needs in any way he chooses; but the tyrant cannot do so, seeing that the largest expenses of a monarch are also the most necessary, being devoted to various methods of safeguarding his life, and to cut down any of them would be little less than suicidal. (18) And on this principle the tyrant, with his multiplicity of goods, is less well provided to meet necessary expenses than the private person; since the latter can always cut down his expenditure to suit his daily needs in any way he chooses; but the tyrant cannot do so, seeing that the largest expenses of a monarch are also the most necessary, being devoted to various methods of safeguarding his life, and to cut down any of them would be little less than suicidal. (18)
Line 513: Line 515:
  
  (19) i.e. "to expend compassion on a man who, etc., were surely a  (19) i.e. "to expend compassion on a man who, etc., were surely a
-    pathetic fallacy." Al. "Is not the man who has it in his power, + pathetic fallacy." Al. "Is not the man who has it in his power, 
-    etc., far above being pitied?"+ etc., far above being pitied?"
  
 Now it is your tyrant who is perpetually driven to iniquitous spoilation of temples and human beings, through chronic need of money wherewith to meet inevitable expenses, since he is forced to feed and support an army (even in times of peace) no less than if there were actual war, or else he signs his own death-warrant. (20) Now it is your tyrant who is perpetually driven to iniquitous spoilation of temples and human beings, through chronic need of money wherewith to meet inevitable expenses, since he is forced to feed and support an army (even in times of peace) no less than if there were actual war, or else he signs his own death-warrant. (20)
  
- (20) "A daily, hourly constraint is laid upon him to support an army + (20) "A daily, hourly constraint is laid upon him to support an army as in war time, or—write his epitaph!" 
-    as in war time, or—write his epitaph!"+ 
 +===== V =====
  
-V 
  
 But there is yet another sore affliction to which the tyrant is liable, Sinmonides, which I will name to you. It is this. Tyrants no less than ordinary mortals can distinguish merit. The orderly, (1) the wise, the just and upright, they freely recognise; but instead of admiring them, they are afraid of them—the courageous, lest they should venture something for the sake of freedom; the wise, lest they invent some subtle mischief; (2) the just and upright, lest the multitude should take a fancy to be led by them. But there is yet another sore affliction to which the tyrant is liable, Sinmonides, which I will name to you. It is this. Tyrants no less than ordinary mortals can distinguish merit. The orderly, (1) the wise, the just and upright, they freely recognise; but instead of admiring them, they are afraid of them—the courageous, lest they should venture something for the sake of freedom; the wise, lest they invent some subtle mischief; (2) the just and upright, lest the multitude should take a fancy to be led by them.
Line 531: Line 533:
         monous badioimen.}         monous badioimen.}
  
-    Stob. gives for {kasmious} {alkimous}.+Stob. gives for {kasmious} {alkimous}.
  
  (2) Or, "for fear of machinations." But the word is suggestive of  (2) Or, "for fear of machinations." But the word is suggestive of
-    mechanical inventions also, like those of Archimedes in connection + mechanical inventions also, like those of Archimedes in connection 
-    with a later Hiero (see Plut. "Marcel." xv. foll.); or of + with a later Hiero (see Plut. "Marcel." xv. foll.); or of 
-    Lionardo, or of Michael Angelo (Symonds, "Renaissance in Italy," + Lionardo, or of Michael Angelo (Symonds, "Renaissance in Italy," 
-    "The Fine Arts," pp. 315, 393).+ "The Fine Arts," pp. 315, 393).
  
 And when he has secretly and silently made away with all such people through terror, whom has he to fall back upon to be of use to him, save only the unjust, the incontinent, and the slavish-natured? (3) Of these, the unjust can be trusted as sharing the tyrant's terror lest the cities should some day win their freedom and lay strong hands upon them; the incontinent, as satisfied with momentary license; and the slavish-natured, for the simple reason that they have not themselves the slightest aspiration after freedom. (4) And when he has secretly and silently made away with all such people through terror, whom has he to fall back upon to be of use to him, save only the unjust, the incontinent, and the slavish-natured? (3) Of these, the unjust can be trusted as sharing the tyrant's terror lest the cities should some day win their freedom and lay strong hands upon them; the incontinent, as satisfied with momentary license; and the slavish-natured, for the simple reason that they have not themselves the slightest aspiration after freedom. (4)
Line 544: Line 546:
  
  (4) "They have no aspiration even to be free," "they are content to  (4) "They have no aspiration even to be free," "they are content to
-    wallow in the slough of despond." The {adikoi} (unjust) correspond + wallow in the slough of despond." The {adikoi} (unjust) correspond 
-    to the {dikaioi} (just), {akrateis} (incontinent) to the {sophoi} + to the {dikaioi} (just), {akrateis} (incontinent) to the {sophoi} 
-    (wise) (Breit. cf. "Mem." III. ix. 4, {sophian de kai sophrosunen + (wise) (Breit. cf. "Mem." III. ix. 4, {sophian de kai sophrosunen 
-    ou diorizen}), {andrapododeis} (servile) to the {kasmioi}, + ou diorizen}), {andrapododeis} (servile) to the {kasmioi}, 
-    {andreioi} (orderly, courageous).+ {andreioi} (orderly, courageous).
  
 This, then, I say, appears to me a sore affliction, that we should look upon the one set as good men, and yet be forced to lean upon the other. This, then, I say, appears to me a sore affliction, that we should look upon the one set as good men, and yet be forced to lean upon the other.
Line 555: Line 557:
  
  (5) Or, "depreciate the land which gave him birth." Holden cf.  (5) Or, "depreciate the land which gave him birth." Holden cf.
-    "Cyrop." VII. ii. 22. See Sturz, s.v.+ "Cyrop." VII. ii. 22. See Sturz, s.v.
  
 Nay more, not even in the years of plenty, (6) when abundance of all blessings reigns, not even then may the tyrant's heart rejoice amid the general joy, for the greater the indigence of the community the humbler he will find them: that is his theory. Nay more, not even in the years of plenty, (6) when abundance of all blessings reigns, not even then may the tyrant's heart rejoice amid the general joy, for the greater the indigence of the community the humbler he will find them: that is his theory.
  
  (6) "In good seasons," "seasons of prosperity." Cf. Aristot. "Pol." v.  (6) "In good seasons," "seasons of prosperity." Cf. Aristot. "Pol." v.
-    6. 17.+ 6. 17. 
 + 
 +===== VI =====
  
-VI 
  
 He continued: I desire to make known to you, Simonides, (1) those divers pleasures which were mine whilst I was still a private citizen, but of which to-day, nay, from the moment I became a tyrant, I find myself deprived. In those days I consorted with my friends and fellows, to our mutual delectation; (2) or, if I craved for quietude, (3) I chose myself for my companion. Gaily the hours flitted at our drinking-parties, ofttimes till we had drowned such cares and troubles as are common to the life of man in Lethe's bowl; (4) or ofttimes till we had steeped our souls in song and dance (5) and revelry; ofttimes till the flame of passion kindled in the breasts of my companions and my own. (6) But now, welladay, I am deprived of those who took delight in me, because I have slaves instead of friends as my companions; I am robbed of my once delightful intercourse with them, because I discern no vestige of goodwill towards me in their looks. And as to the wine-cup and slumber—these I guard against, even as a man might guard against an ambuscade. Think only! to dread a crowd, to dread solitude, to dread the absence of a guard, to dread the very guards that guard, to shrink from having those about one's self unarmed, and yet to hate the sight of armed attendants. Can you conceive a more troublesome circumstance? (7) But that is not all. To place more confidence in foreigners than in your fellow-citizens, nay, in barbarians than in Hellenes, to be consumed with a desire to keep freemen slaves and yet to be driven, will he nill he, to make slaves free, are not all these the symptoms of a mind distracted and amazed with terror? He continued: I desire to make known to you, Simonides, (1) those divers pleasures which were mine whilst I was still a private citizen, but of which to-day, nay, from the moment I became a tyrant, I find myself deprived. In those days I consorted with my friends and fellows, to our mutual delectation; (2) or, if I craved for quietude, (3) I chose myself for my companion. Gaily the hours flitted at our drinking-parties, ofttimes till we had drowned such cares and troubles as are common to the life of man in Lethe's bowl; (4) or ofttimes till we had steeped our souls in song and dance (5) and revelry; ofttimes till the flame of passion kindled in the breasts of my companions and my own. (6) But now, welladay, I am deprived of those who took delight in me, because I have slaves instead of friends as my companions; I am robbed of my once delightful intercourse with them, because I discern no vestige of goodwill towards me in their looks. And as to the wine-cup and slumber—these I guard against, even as a man might guard against an ambuscade. Think only! to dread a crowd, to dread solitude, to dread the absence of a guard, to dread the very guards that guard, to shrink from having those about one's self unarmed, and yet to hate the sight of armed attendants. Can you conceive a more troublesome circumstance? (7) But that is not all. To place more confidence in foreigners than in your fellow-citizens, nay, in barbarians than in Hellenes, to be consumed with a desire to keep freemen slaves and yet to be driven, will he nill he, to make slaves free, are not all these the symptoms of a mind distracted and amazed with terror?
  
  (1) Or, "I wish I could disclose to you (he added) those heart-easing  (1) Or, "I wish I could disclose to you (he added) those heart-easing
-    joys." For {euphrosunas} cf. "Od." vi. 156; Aesch. "P. V." 540; + joys." For {euphrosunas} cf. "Od." vi. 156; Aesch. "P. V." 540; 
-    Eur. "Bacch." 376. A favourite word with our author; see "Ages." + Eur. "Bacch." 376. A favourite word with our author; see "Ages." 
-    ix. 4; "Cyrop." passim; "Mem." III. viii. 10; "Econ." ix. 12.+ ix. 4; "Cyrop." passim; "Mem." III. viii. 10; "Econ." ix. 12.
  
  (2) Lit. "delighting I in them and they in me."  (2) Lit. "delighting I in them and they in me."
Line 578: Line 581:
  
  (5) Or, "absorbed our souls in song and festal cheer and dance." Cf.  (5) Or, "absorbed our souls in song and festal cheer and dance." Cf.
-    "Od." viii. 248, 249, {aiei d' emin dais te phile kitharis te + "Od." viii. 248, 249, {aiei d' emin dais te phile kitharis te 
-    khoroi te} | {eimata t' exemoiba loetra te therma kau eunai}, "and + khoroi te} | {eimata t' exemoiba loetra te therma kau eunai}, "and 
-    dear to us ever is the banquet and the harp and the dance, and + dear to us ever is the banquet and the harp and the dance, and 
-    changes of raiment, and the warm bath, and love and sleep" + changes of raiment, and the warm bath, and love and sleep" 
-    (Butcher and Lang).+ (Butcher and Lang).
  
  (6) Reading as vulg. {epithumias}. Breit. cf. "Mem." III. ix. 7; Plat.  (6) Reading as vulg. {epithumias}. Breit. cf. "Mem." III. ix. 7; Plat.
-    "Phaed." 116 E, "he has eaten and drunk and enjoyed the society of + "Phaed." 116 E, "he has eaten and drunk and enjoyed the society of 
-    his beloved" (Jowett). See "Symp." the finale; or if, after Weiske + his beloved" (Jowett). See "Symp." the finale; or if, after Weiske 
-    and Cobet, {euthumias}, transl. "to the general hilarity of myself + and Cobet, {euthumias}, transl. "to the general hilarity of myself 
-    and the whole company" (cf. "Cyrop." I. iii. 12, IV. v. 7), but + and the whole company" (cf. "Cyrop." I. iii. 12, IV. v. 7), but 
-    this is surely a bathos rhetorically.+ this is surely a bathos rhetorically.
  
  (7) Or, "a worse perplexity." See "Hell." VII. iii. 8.  (7) Or, "a worse perplexity." See "Hell." VII. iii. 8.
Line 596: Line 599:
  
  (8) Reading {sumparakolouthon lumeon}. Stob. gives {sumparomarton  (8) Reading {sumparakolouthon lumeon}. Stob. gives {sumparomarton
-    lumanter}. For the sentiment cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 25.+ lumanter}. For the sentiment cf. "Cyrop." III. i. 25.
  
 And if you know anything of war, Simonides, and war's alarms; if it was your fortune ever to be posted close to the enemy's lines, (9) try to recall to mind what sort of meals you made at those times, with what sort of slumber you courted rest. Be assured, there are no pains you then experienced, no horrors to compare with those that crowd upon the despot, who sees or seems to see fierce eyes of enemies glare at him, not face to face alone, but from every side. And if you know anything of war, Simonides, and war's alarms; if it was your fortune ever to be posted close to the enemy's lines, (9) try to recall to mind what sort of meals you made at those times, with what sort of slumber you courted rest. Be assured, there are no pains you then experienced, no horrors to compare with those that crowd upon the despot, who sees or seems to see fierce eyes of enemies glare at him, not face to face alone, but from every side.
Line 607: Line 610:
  
  (10) Or, "beyond the sentinels themselves is set the outpost of the  (10) Or, "beyond the sentinels themselves is set the outpost of the
-    laws, who watch the watch."+ laws, who watch the watch."
  
  (11) Or, "ten-day labourers in harvest-time."  (11) Or, "ten-day labourers in harvest-time."
  
  (12) Or, "but to discover one single faithful man is far more  (12) Or, "but to discover one single faithful man is far more
-    difficult than scores of labourers in any field of work you + difficult than scores of labourers in any field of work you 
-    please."+ please."
  
  (13) Or, "are merely hirelings for filthy lucre's sake."  (13) Or, "are merely hirelings for filthy lucre's sake."
Line 624: Line 627:
  
  (14) Lit. "he must at one and the same moment guard against them, and  (14) Lit. "he must at one and the same moment guard against them, and
-    yet be driven also to depend upon them."+ yet be driven also to depend upon them."
  
 But be assured, Simonides, that when a tyrant fears any of his citizens, he is in a strait; it is ill work to see them living and ill work to put them to the death. Just as might happen with a horse; a noble beast, but there is that in him makes one fear he will do some mischief presently past curing. (15) His very virtue makes it hard to kill the creature, and yet to turn him to account alive is also hard; so careful must one be, he does not choose the thick of danger to work irreparable harm. And this, further, doubtless holds of all goods and chattels, which are at once a trouble and a benefit. If painful to their owners to possess, they are none the less a source of pain to part with. But be assured, Simonides, that when a tyrant fears any of his citizens, he is in a strait; it is ill work to see them living and ill work to put them to the death. Just as might happen with a horse; a noble beast, but there is that in him makes one fear he will do some mischief presently past curing. (15) His very virtue makes it hard to kill the creature, and yet to turn him to account alive is also hard; so careful must one be, he does not choose the thick of danger to work irreparable harm. And this, further, doubtless holds of all goods and chattels, which are at once a trouble and a benefit. If painful to their owners to possess, they are none the less a source of pain to part with.
  
  (15) Lit. "good but fearful (i.e. he makes one fear), he will some day  (15) Lit. "good but fearful (i.e. he makes one fear), he will some day
-    do some desperate mischief."+ do some desperate mischief." 
 + 
 +===== VII =====
  
-VII 
  
 Now when he had heard these reasonings, Simonides replied: O Hiero, there is a potent force, it would appear, the name of which is honour, so attractive that human beings strain to grasp it, (1) and in the effort they will undergo all pains, endure all perils. It would further seem that even you, you tyrants, in spite of all that sea of trouble which a tyranny involves, rush headlong in pursuit of it. You must be honoured. All the world shall be your ministers; they shall carry out your every injunction with unhesitating zeal. (2) You shall be the cynosure of neighbouring eyes; men shall rise from their seats at your approach; they shall step aside to yield you passage in the streets. (3) All present shall at all times magnify you, (4) and shall pay homage to you both with words and deeds. Those, I take it, are ever the kind of things which subjects do to please the monarch, (5) and thus they treat each hero of the moment, whom they strive to honour. (6) Now when he had heard these reasonings, Simonides replied: O Hiero, there is a potent force, it would appear, the name of which is honour, so attractive that human beings strain to grasp it, (1) and in the effort they will undergo all pains, endure all perils. It would further seem that even you, you tyrants, in spite of all that sea of trouble which a tyranny involves, rush headlong in pursuit of it. You must be honoured. All the world shall be your ministers; they shall carry out your every injunction with unhesitating zeal. (2) You shall be the cynosure of neighbouring eyes; men shall rise from their seats at your approach; they shall step aside to yield you passage in the streets. (3) All present shall at all times magnify you, (4) and shall pay homage to you both with words and deeds. Those, I take it, are ever the kind of things which subjects do to please the monarch, (5) and thus they treat each hero of the moment, whom they strive to honour. (6)
  
  (1) Lit. "that human beings will abide all risks and undergo all pains  (1) Lit. "that human beings will abide all risks and undergo all pains
-    to clutch the bait."+ to clutch the bait."
  
  (2) Cf. "Cyrop." II. iii. 8; VIII. i. 29.  (2) Cf. "Cyrop." II. iii. 8; VIII. i. 29.
Line 643: Line 647:
  
  (4) {gerairosi}, poetic. Cf. "Cyrop." VIII. i. 39; "Hell." I. vii. 33;  (4) {gerairosi}, poetic. Cf. "Cyrop." VIII. i. 39; "Hell." I. vii. 33;
-    "Econ." iv. 8; "Herod." v. 67; Pind. "O." iii. 3, v. 11; "N." v. + "Econ." iv. 8; "Herod." v. 67; Pind. "O." iii. 3, v. 11; "N." v. 
-    15; "Od." xiv. 437, 441; "Il." vii. 321; Plat. "Rep." 468 D, + 15; "Od." xiv. 437, 441; "Il." vii. 321; Plat. "Rep." 468 D, 
-    quoting "Il." vii. 321.+ quoting "Il." vii. 321.
  
  (5) Reading {tois turannois}, or if {tous turannous}, after Cobet,  (5) Reading {tois turannois}, or if {tous turannous}, after Cobet,
-    "That is how they treat crowned heads."+ "That is how they treat crowned heads."
  
  (6) Cf. Tennyson, "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington":  (6) Cf. Tennyson, "Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington":
Line 658: Line 662:
  
  (7) Or, "in this strong aspiration after honour." Holden aptly cf.  (7) Or, "in this strong aspiration after honour." Holden aptly cf.
-    "Spectator," No. 467: "The love of praise is a passion deeply + "Spectator," No. 467: "The love of praise is a passion deeply 
-    fixed in the mind of every extraordinary person; and those who are + fixed in the mind of every extraordinary person; and those who are 
-    most affected with it seem most to partake of that particle of the + most affected with it seem most to partake of that particle of the 
-    divinity which distinguishes mankind from the inferior creation."+ divinity which distinguishes mankind from the inferior creation."
  
  (8) {alogous}, i.e. "without speech and reason"; cf. modern Greek {o  (8) {alogous}, i.e. "without speech and reason"; cf. modern Greek {o
-    alogos} = the horse (sc. the animal par excellence). See + alogos} = the horse (sc. the animal par excellence). See 
-    "Horsemanship," viii. 14.+ "Horsemanship," viii. 14.
  
  (9) {ede}, "ipso facto."  (9) {ede}, "ipso facto."
  
  (10) See "Anab." I. vii. 4; Frotscher ap. Breit. cf. Cic. "ad Fam." v.  (10) See "Anab." I. vii. 4; Frotscher ap. Breit. cf. Cic. "ad Fam." v.
-    17. 5, "ut et hominem te et virum esse meminisses."+ 17. 5, "ut et hominem te et virum esse meminisses."
  
  (11) Or, "joyance."  (11) Or, "joyance."
Line 679: Line 683:
  
  (12) Or, "the compliance of cold lips where love is not reciprocated  (12) Or, "the compliance of cold lips where love is not reciprocated
-    is..."+ is..."
  
  (13) Or, "to rank injustice."  (13) Or, "to rank injustice."
Line 686: Line 690:
  
  (14) Lit. "Honours would seem to be the outcome and expression of  (14) Lit. "Honours would seem to be the outcome and expression of
-    conditions utterly remote from these, in fact their very + conditions utterly remote from these, in fact their very 
-    opposites."+ opposites."
  
  (15) Cf. Napoleon's accost of Goethe, "Vous etes un homme," and "as  (15) Cf. Napoleon's accost of Goethe, "Vous etes un homme," and "as
-    Goethe left the room, Napoleon repeated to Berthier and Daru, + Goethe left the room, Napoleon repeated to Berthier and Daru, 
-    'Voila un homme!'" ("The Life of Goethe," Lewes, p. 500).+ 'Voila un homme!'" ("The Life of Goethe," Lewes, p. 500).
  
  (16) Reading {koines}, which ought to mean "common to them and him";  (16) Reading {koines}, which ought to mean "common to them and him";
-    if with Cobet {koine}, "in public crown him for his virtue's sake, + if with Cobet {koine}, "in public crown him for his virtue's sake, 
-    a benefactor."+ a benefactor."
  
  (17) Or, "without reproach."  (17) Or, "without reproach."
Line 708: Line 712:
  
  (20) Holden aptly cf. Plut. "Sol." 14, {kalon men einai ten torannida  (20) Holden aptly cf. Plut. "Sol." 14, {kalon men einai ten torannida
-    khorion, ouk ekhein de apobasin}, "it was true a tyrrany was a + khorion, ouk ekhein de apobasin}, "it was true a tyrrany was a 
-    very fair spot, but it had no way down from it" (Clough, i. p. + very fair spot, but it had no way down from it" (Clough, i. p. 
-    181).+ 181).
  
  (21) Or, "how undergo in his own person the imprisonments he has  (21) Or, "how undergo in his own person the imprisonments he has
-    inflicted?" Reading {antipaskhoi}, or if {antiparaskhoi}, transl. + inflicted?" Reading {antipaskhoi}, or if {antiparaskhoi}, transl. 
-    "how could he replace in his own person the exact number of + "how could he replace in his own person the exact number of 
-    imprisonments which he has inflicted on others?"+ imprisonments which he has inflicted on others?"
  
-Ah, no! Simonides (he added), if to hang one's self outright be ever gainful to pour mortal soul, then, take my word for it, that is the tyrant's remedy: there's none better suited (22) to his case, since he alone of all men is in this dilemma, that neither to keep nor lay aside his troubles profits him.+Ah, no! Simonides (he added), if to hang one's self outright be ever gainful to pour mortal soul, then, take my wod for it, that is the tyrant's remedy: there's none better suited (22) to his case, since he alone of all men is in this dilemma, that neither to keep nor lay aside his troubles profits him.
  
  (22) Or, "nought more profitable to meet the case." The author plays  (22) Or, "nought more profitable to meet the case." The author plays
-    on {lusitelei} according to his wont.+ on {lusitelei} according to his wont. 
 + 
 +===== VIII =====
  
-VIII 
  
 Here Simonides took up the thread of the discourse (1) as follows: That for the moment, Hiero, you should be out of heart regarding tyranny (2) I do not wonder, since you have a strong desire to be loved by human beings, and you are persuaded that it is your office which balks the realisation of your dream. Here Simonides took up the thread of the discourse (1) as follows: That for the moment, Hiero, you should be out of heart regarding tyranny (2) I do not wonder, since you have a strong desire to be loved by human beings, and you are persuaded that it is your office which balks the realisation of your dream.
Line 739: Line 744:
  
  (6) {arkhomai soi}. Lit. "I'll begin you with quite commonplace  (6) {arkhomai soi}. Lit. "I'll begin you with quite commonplace
-    examples." Holden cf. Shakesp. "Merry Wives," i. 4. 97, "I'll do + examples." Holden cf. Shakesp. "Merry Wives," i. 4. 97, "I'll do 
-    you your master what good I can"; "Much Ado," ii. 3. 115, "She + you your master what good I can"; "Much Ado," ii. 3. 115, "She 
-    will sit you." For the distinction between {paradeigmaton} = + will sit you." For the distinction between {paradeigmaton} = 
-    examples and {upodeigmata} = suggestions see "Horsem." ii. 2.+ examples and {upodeigmata} = suggestions see "Horsem." ii. 2.
  
 Or again, (7) let us suppose that both should have occasion to pronounce a panegyric. Whose compliments will carry farther, in the way of delectation, think you? Or on occasion of a solemn sacrifice, suppose they do a friend the honour of an invitation. (8) In either case it is an honour, but which will be regarded with the greater gratitude, the monarch's or the lesser man's? Or again, (7) let us suppose that both should have occasion to pronounce a panegyric. Whose compliments will carry farther, in the way of delectation, think you? Or on occasion of a solemn sacrifice, suppose they do a friend the honour of an invitation. (8) In either case it is an honour, but which will be regarded with the greater gratitude, the monarch's or the lesser man's?
Line 749: Line 754:
  
  (8) Cf. "Mem." II. iii. 11 as to "sacrifices as a means of social  (8) Cf. "Mem." II. iii. 11 as to "sacrifices as a means of social
-    enjoyment." Dr. Holden cf. Aristot. "Nic. Eth." VIII. ix. 160, + enjoyment." Dr. Holden cf. Aristot. "Nic. Eth." VIII. ix. 160, 
-    "And hence it is that these clan communities and hundreds solemnise + "And hence it is that these clan communities and hundreds solemnise 
-    sacrifices, in connection with which they hold large gatherings, + sacrifices, in connection with which they hold large gatherings, 
-    and thereby not only pay honour to the gods, but also provide for + and thereby not only pay honour to the gods, but also provide for 
-    themselves holiday and amusement" (R. Williams). Thuc. ii. 38, + themselves holiday and amusement" (R. Williams). Thuc. ii. 38, 
-    "And we have not forgotten to provide for our weary spirits many + "And we have not forgotten to provide for our weary spirits many 
-    relaxations from toil; we have regular games and sacrifices + relaxations from toil; we have regular games and sacrifices 
-    throughout the year" (Jowett). Plut. "Them." v., {kai gar + throughout the year" (Jowett). Plut. "Them." v., {kai gar 
-    philothuten onta kai lampron en tais peri tous xenous dapanais + philothuten onta kai lampron en tais peri tous xenous dapanais 
-   ...} "For loving to sacrifice often, and to be splendid in his +...} "For loving to sacrifice often, and to be splendid in his 
-    entertainment of strangers, he required a plentiful revenue" + entertainment of strangers, he required a plentiful revenue" 
-    (Clough, i. 236). To which add Theophr. "Char." xv. 2, "The + (Clough, i. 236). To which add Theophr. "Char." xv. 2, "The 
-    Shameless Man": {eita thusas tois theois autos men deipnein par' + Shameless Man": {eita thusas tois theois autos men deipnein par' 
-    etero, ta de krea apotithenai alsi pasas, k.t.l.}, "then when he + etero, ta de krea apotithenai alsi pasas, k.t.l.}, "then when he 
-    has been sacrificing to the gods, he will put away the salted + has been sacrificing to the gods, he will put away the salted 
-    remains, and will himself dine out" (Jebb).+ remains, and will himself dine out" (Jebb).
  
 Or let a sick man be attended with a like solicitude by both. It is plain, the kind attentions of the mighty potentate (9) arouse in the patient's heart immense delight. (10) Or let a sick man be attended with a like solicitude by both. It is plain, the kind attentions of the mighty potentate (9) arouse in the patient's heart immense delight. (10)
  
- (9) "Their mightinesses," or as we might say, "their serene + (9) "Their mightinesses," or as we might say, "their serene highnesses." Cf. Thuc. ii. 65.
-    highnesses." Cf. Thuc. ii. 65.+
  
  (10) "The greatest jubilance."  (10) "The greatest jubilance."
Line 775: Line 779:
 Or say, they are the givers of two gifts which shall be like in all respects. It is plain enough in this case also that "the gracious favour" of his royal highness, even if halved, would more than counterbalance the whole value of the commoner's "donation." (11) Or say, they are the givers of two gifts which shall be like in all respects. It is plain enough in this case also that "the gracious favour" of his royal highness, even if halved, would more than counterbalance the whole value of the commoner's "donation." (11)
  
- (11) Or, "half the great man's 'bounty' more than outweighs the small + (11) Or, "half the great man's 'bounty' more than outweighs the small man's present." For {dorema} cf. Aristot. "N. E." I. ix. 2, "happiness... a free gift of God to men."
-    man's present." For {dorema} cf. Aristot. "N. E." I. ix. 2, +
-    "happiness... a free gift of God to men."+
  
 Nay, as it seems to me, an honour from the gods, a grace divine, is shed about the path of him the hero-ruler. (12) Not only does command itself ennoble manhood, but we gaze on him with other eyes and find the fair within him yet more fair who is to-day a prince and was but yesterday a private citizen. (13) Again, it is a prouder satisfaction doubtless to hold debate with those who are preferred to us in honour than with people on an equal footing with ourselves. Nay, as it seems to me, an honour from the gods, a grace divine, is shed about the path of him the hero-ruler. (12) Not only does command itself ennoble manhood, but we gaze on him with other eyes and find the fair within him yet more fair who is to-day a prince and was but yesterday a private citizen. (13) Again, it is a prouder satisfaction doubtless to hold debate with those who are preferred to us in honour than with people on an equal footing with ourselves.
  
  (12) Lit. "attends the footsteps of the princely ruler." Cf. "Cyrop."  (12) Lit. "attends the footsteps of the princely ruler." Cf. "Cyrop."
-    II. i. 23, Plat. "Laws," 667 B, for a similar metaphorical use of + II. i. 23, Plat. "Laws," 667 B, for a similar metaphorical use of 
-    the word.+ the word.
  
  (13) {to arkhein}, "his princely power makes him more noble as a man,  (13) {to arkhein}, "his princely power makes him more noble as a man,
-    and we behold him fairer exercising rule than when he functioned + and we behold him fairer exercising rule than when he functioned 
-    as a common citizen." Reading {kallio}, or if {edion}, transl. "we + as a common citizen." Reading {kallio}, or if {edion}, transl. "we 
-    feast our eyes more greedily upon him."+ feast our eyes more greedily upon him."
  
 Why, the minion (with regard to whom you had the gravest fault to find with tyranny), the favourite of a ruler, is least apt to quarrel (14) with gray hairs: the very blemishes of one who is a prince soon cease to be discounted in their intercourse. (15) Why, the minion (with regard to whom you had the gravest fault to find with tyranny), the favourite of a ruler, is least apt to quarrel (14) with gray hairs: the very blemishes of one who is a prince soon cease to be discounted in their intercourse. (15)
  
  (14) Lit. "feels least disgust at age"; i.e. his patron's years and  (14) Lit. "feels least disgust at age"; i.e. his patron's years and
-    wrinkles.+ wrinkles.
  
  (15) Cf. Plat. "Phaedr." 231 B.  (15) Cf. Plat. "Phaedr." 231 B.
Line 800: Line 802:
  
  (16) Or, "The mere prestige of highest worship helps to adorn." See  (16) Or, "The mere prestige of highest worship helps to adorn." See
-    Aristot. "N. E." xi. 17. As to {auto to tetimesthai m. s.} I think + Aristot. "N. E." xi. 17. As to {auto to tetimesthai m. s.} I think 
-    it is the {arkhon} who is honoured by the rest of men, which + it is the {arkhon} who is honoured by the rest of men, which 
-    {time} helps to adorn him. Others seem to think it is the + {time} helps to adorn him. Others seem to think it is the 
-    {paidika} who is honoured by the {arkhon}. If so, transl.: "The + {paidika} who is honoured by the {arkhon}. If so, transl.: "The 
-    mere distinction, the privilege alone of being highly honoured, + mere distinction, the privilege alone of being highly honoured, 
-    lends embellishment," etc.+ lends embellishment," etc.
  
 Since then, by aid of equal ministrations, you are privileged to win not equal but far deeper gratitude: it would seem to follow, considering the vastly wider sphere of helpfulness which lies before you as administrators, and the far grander scale of your largesses, I say it naturally pertains to you to find yourselves much more beloved than ordinary mortals; or if not, why not? Since then, by aid of equal ministrations, you are privileged to win not equal but far deeper gratitude: it would seem to follow, considering the vastly wider sphere of helpfulness which lies before you as administrators, and the far grander scale of your largesses, I say it naturally pertains to you to find yourselves much more beloved than ordinary mortals; or if not, why not?
Line 818: Line 820:
  
  (18) Reading with Breit. {eis timas}, or if the vulg. {isotimous},  (18) Reading with Breit. {eis timas}, or if the vulg. {isotimous},
-    transl. "as equal merely to themselves in privilege"; or if with + transl. "as equal merely to themselves in privilege"; or if with 
-    Schenkl (and Holden, ed. 3) {isotimias}, transl. "their firm + Schenkl (and Holden, ed. 3) {isotimias}, transl. "their firm 
-    persuasion is these hirelings are not supported by the tyrant in + persuasion is these hirelings are not supported by the tyrant in 
-    the interests of equality but of undue influence."+ the interests of equality but of undue influence." 
 + 
 +===== IX =====
  
-IX 
  
 To these arguments Simonides in turn made answer: Nay, Hiero, I am far from stating that you have not all these divers matters to attend to. They are serious duties, (1) I admit. But still, what strikes me is, if half these grave responsibilities do lend themselves undoubtedly to hatred, (2) the remaining half are altogether gratifying. Thus, to teach others (3) arts of highest virtue, and to praise and honour each most fair performance of the same, that is a type of duty not to be discharged save graciously. Whilst, on the other hand, to scold at people guilty of remissness, to drive and fine and chasten, these are proceedings doubtless which go hand in hand with hate and bitterness. To these arguments Simonides in turn made answer: Nay, Hiero, I am far from stating that you have not all these divers matters to attend to. They are serious duties, (1) I admit. But still, what strikes me is, if half these grave responsibilities do lend themselves undoubtedly to hatred, (2) the remaining half are altogether gratifying. Thus, to teach others (3) arts of highest virtue, and to praise and honour each most fair performance of the same, that is a type of duty not to be discharged save graciously. Whilst, on the other hand, to scold at people guilty of remissness, to drive and fine and chasten, these are proceedings doubtless which go hand in hand with hate and bitterness.
Line 840: Line 843:
  
  (5) Or, "current incidents bear witness to the beauty of the  (5) Or, "current incidents bear witness to the beauty of the
-    principle."+ principle."
  
  (6) {emin}. The author makes Simonides talk as an Athenian.  (6) {emin}. The author makes Simonides talk as an Athenian.
Line 847: Line 850:
  
  (8) Or, "magistrate"; at Athens the Archon Eponymos. See Boeckh, "P.  (8) Or, "magistrate"; at Athens the Archon Eponymos. See Boeckh, "P.
-    E. A." p. 454 foll. Al. the {athlethetai}. See Pollux, viii. 93; + E. A." p. 454 foll. Al. the {athlethetai}. See Pollux, viii. 93; 
-    cf. Aeschin. "c. Ctes." 13.+ cf. Aeschin. "c. Ctes." 13.
  
  (9) Or more correctly at Athens the choragoi = leaders of the chorus.  (9) Or more correctly at Athens the choragoi = leaders of the chorus.
Line 857: Line 860:
  
  (12) {ta antitupa}, "the repellent obverse," "the seamy side." Cf.  (12) {ta antitupa}, "the repellent obverse," "the seamy side." Cf.
-    Theogn. 1244, {ethos ekhon solion pistios antitupon}. "Hell." VI. + Theogn. 1244, {ethos ekhon solion pistios antitupon}. "Hell." VI. 
-    iii. 11.+ iii. 11.
  
  (13) Or, "Well then, what reason is there why other matters of  (13) Or, "Well then, what reason is there why other matters of
-    political concern—all other branches of our civic life, in + political concern—all other branches of our civic life, in 
-    fact—should not be carried out on this same principle?"+ fact—should not be carried out on this same principle?"
  
 All states as units are divided into tribes ({thulas}), or regiments ({moras}), or companies ({lokhous}), and there are officers ({arkhontes}) appointed in command of each division. (14) All states as units are divided into tribes ({thulas}), or regiments ({moras}), or companies ({lokhous}), and there are officers ({arkhontes}) appointed in command of each division. (14)
  
  (14) e.g. Attica into ten phylae, Lacedaemon into six morae, Thebes  (14) e.g. Attica into ten phylae, Lacedaemon into six morae, Thebes
-    and Argos into lochi. See Aristot. "Pol." v. 8 (Jowett, i. 166); + and Argos into lochi. See Aristot. "Pol." v. 8 (Jowett, i. 166); 
-    "Hell." VI. iv. 13; VII. ii. 4.+ "Hell." VI. iv. 13; VII. ii. 4.
  
 Well then, suppose that some one were to offer prizes (15) to these political departments on the pattern of the choric prizes just described; prizes for excellence of arms, or skill in tactics, or for discipline and so forth, or for skill in horsemanship; prizes for prowess (16) in the field of battle, bravery in war; prizes for uprightness (17) in fulfilment of engagements, contracts, covenants. If so, I say it is to be expected that these several matters, thanks to emulous ambition, will one and all be vigorously cultivated. Vigorously! why, yes, upon my soul, and what a rush there would be! How in the pursuit of honour they would tear along where duty called: with what promptitude pour in their money contributions (18) at a time of crisis. Well then, suppose that some one were to offer prizes (15) to these political departments on the pattern of the choric prizes just described; prizes for excellence of arms, or skill in tactics, or for discipline and so forth, or for skill in horsemanship; prizes for prowess (16) in the field of battle, bravery in war; prizes for uprightness (17) in fulfilment of engagements, contracts, covenants. If so, I say it is to be expected that these several matters, thanks to emulous ambition, will one and all be vigorously cultivated. Vigorously! why, yes, upon my soul, and what a rush there would be! How in the pursuit of honour they would tear along where duty called: with what promptitude pour in their money contributions (18) at a time of crisis.
  
  (15) See "Revenues," iii. 3; A. Zurborg, "de. Xen. Lib. qui {Poroi}  (15) See "Revenues," iii. 3; A. Zurborg, "de. Xen. Lib. qui {Poroi}
-    inscribitur," p. 42.+ inscribitur," p. 42.
  
  (16) Cf. "Hell." III. iv. 16; IV. ii. 5 foll.  (16) Cf. "Hell." III. iv. 16; IV. ii. 5 foll.
  
  (17) "In reward for justice in, etc." See "Revenues," l.c.; and for  (17) "In reward for justice in, etc." See "Revenues," l.c.; and for
-    the evil in question, Thuc. i. 77; Plat. "Rep." 556. + the evil in question, Thuc. i. 77; Plat. "Rep." 556. 
 +  
  (18) {eispheroien}, techn. of the war-tax at Athens. See "Revenues,"  (18) {eispheroien}, techn. of the war-tax at Athens. See "Revenues,"
-    iii. 7 foll.; iv. 34 foll.; Thuc. iii. 19; Boeckh, "P. E. A." pp. + iii. 7 foll.; iv. 34 foll.; Thuc. iii. 19; Boeckh, "P. E. A." pp. 
-    470, 539. Cf. Aristot. "Pol." v. 11. 10, in illustration of the + 470, 539. Cf. Aristot. "Pol." v. 11. 10, in illustration of the 
-    tyrant's usual method of raising money.+ tyrant's usual method of raising money.
  
 And that which of all arts is the most remunerative, albeit the least accustomed hitherto to be conducted on the principle of competition (19)—I mean agriculture—itself would make enormous strides, if some one were to offer prizes in the same way, "by farms and villages," to those who should perform the works of tillage in the fairest fashion. Whilst to those members of the state who should devote themselves with might and main to this pursuit, a thousand blessings would be the result. The revenues would be increased; and self-restraint be found far more than now, in close attendance on industrious habits. (20) Nay further, crimes and villainies take root and spring less freely among busy workers. And that which of all arts is the most remunerative, albeit the least accustomed hitherto to be conducted on the principle of competition (19)—I mean agriculture—itself would make enormous strides, if some one were to offer prizes in the same way, "by farms and villages," to those who should perform the works of tillage in the fairest fashion. Whilst to those members of the state who should devote themselves with might and main to this pursuit, a thousand blessings would be the result. The revenues would be increased; and self-restraint be found far more than now, in close attendance on industrious habits. (20) Nay further, crimes and villainies take root and spring less freely among busy workers.
  
  (19) Al. "and what will be the most repaying... being a department  (19) Al. "and what will be the most repaying... being a department
-    of things least wont," etc.+ of things least wont," etc.
  
  (20) Or, "soundness of soul much more be found allied with  (20) Or, "soundness of soul much more be found allied with
-    occupation."+ occupation."
  
 Once more, if commerce (21) is of any value to the state, then let the merchant who devotes himself to commerce on the grandest scale receive some high distinction, and his honours will draw on other traders in his wake. Once more, if commerce (21) is of any value to the state, then let the merchant who devotes himself to commerce on the grandest scale receive some high distinction, and his honours will draw on other traders in his wake.
Line 908: Line 911:
  
  (25) e.g. "in the choral dances (1) money on the part of the choragoi;  (25) e.g. "in the choral dances (1) money on the part of the choragoi;
-    (2) pains on the part of the choreutai; (3) supervising care on + (2) pains on the part of the choreutai; (3) supervising care on 
-    the part of the choro-didaskoi, and so mutatis mutandis of the + the part of the choro-didaskoi, and so mutatis mutandis of the 
-    hippic and gymnic."+ hippic and gymnic." 
 + 
 +===== X =====
  
-X 
  
 And Hiero replied: Thus far you reason prettily, methinks, Simonides; but about these mercenary troops have you aught to say? Can you suggest a means to avoid the hatred of which they are the cause? Or will you tell me that a ruler who has won the affection of his subjects has no need for body-guards? And Hiero replied: Thus far you reason prettily, methinks, Simonides; but about these mercenary troops have you aught to say? Can you suggest a means to avoid the hatred of which they are the cause? Or will you tell me that a ruler who has won the affection of his subjects has no need for body-guards?
Line 919: Line 923:
  
  (1) Lit. "spear-bearers"; the title given to the body-guard of kings  (1) Lit. "spear-bearers"; the title given to the body-guard of kings
-    and tyrants.+ and tyrants.
  
  (2) Lit. "the beautiful and good," the {kalois kagathois}. See "Econ."  (2) Lit. "the beautiful and good," the {kalois kagathois}. See "Econ."
-    vi. 11 foll.+ vi. 11 foll.
  
 Let me explain: You keep them, I presume, in the first instance, for yourself, as guards of your own person. But for masters, owners of estates and others, to be done to death with violence by their own slaves is no unheard-of thing. Supposing, then, the first and foremost duty laid on mercenary troops were this: they are the body-guards of the whole public, and bound as such to come to the assistance of all members of the state alike, in case they shall detect some mischief brewing (3) (and miscreants do spring up in the hearts of states, as we all know); I say then, if these mercenary troops were under orders to act as guardians of the citizens, (4) the latter would recognise to whom they were indebted. Let me explain: You keep them, I presume, in the first instance, for yourself, as guards of your own person. But for masters, owners of estates and others, to be done to death with violence by their own slaves is no unheard-of thing. Supposing, then, the first and foremost duty laid on mercenary troops were this: they are the body-guards of the whole public, and bound as such to come to the assistance of all members of the state alike, in case they shall detect some mischief brewing (3) (and miscreants do spring up in the hearts of states, as we all know); I say then, if these mercenary troops were under orders to act as guardians of the citizens, (4) the latter would recognise to whom they were indebted.
  
  (3) "If they become aware of anything of that sort." Is not this  (3) "If they become aware of anything of that sort." Is not this
-    modelled on the {krupteia}? See Pater, "Plato and Platonism," ch. + modelled on the {krupteia}? See Pater, "Plato and Platonism," ch. 
-    viii. "Lacedaemon," p. 186.+ viii. "Lacedaemon," p. 186.
  
  (4) Or, "as their police." {toutous}, sc. "the citizens"; al. "the  (4) Or, "as their police." {toutous}, sc. "the citizens"; al. "the
-    evil-doers." If so, transl. "to keep watch and ward on evil-doers; + evil-doers." If so, transl. "to keep watch and ward on evil-doers; 
-    the citizens would soon recognise the benefit they owe them for + the citizens would soon recognise the benefit they owe them for 
-    that service."+ that service."
  
 But in addition to these functions, such a body might with reason be expected to create a sense of courage and security, by which the country labourers with their flocks and herds would greatly benefit, a benefit not limited to your demesne, but shared by every farm throughout the rural district. But in addition to these functions, such a body might with reason be expected to create a sense of courage and security, by which the country labourers with their flocks and herds would greatly benefit, a benefit not limited to your demesne, but shared by every farm throughout the rural district.
Line 940: Line 944:
  
  (5) Or, "as garrisons of critical positions," like Phyle or Decelia  (5) Or, "as garrisons of critical positions," like Phyle or Decelia
-    near Athens.+ near Athens.
  
 And again, a further function: Can you conceive a service better qualified to gain intelligence beforehand and to hinder the secret sudden onslaughts of a hostile force, than a set of troopers always under arms and fully organised? (6) And again, a further function: Can you conceive a service better qualified to gain intelligence beforehand and to hinder the secret sudden onslaughts of a hostile force, than a set of troopers always under arms and fully organised? (6)
Line 949: Line 953:
  
  (7) The author is perhaps thinking of some personal experiences. He  (7) The author is perhaps thinking of some personal experiences. He
-    works out his theory of a wage-earning militia for the protection + works out his theory of a wage-earning militia for the protection 
-    of the state in the "Cyropaedia." See esp. VII. v. 69 foll.+ of the state in the "Cyropaedia." See esp. VII. v. 69 foll.
  
 And what will be the effect on the neighbour states conterminous with yours? (8) Will not this standing army lead them to desire peace beyond all other things? In fact, a compact force like this, so organised, will prove most potent to preserve the interests of their friends and to damage those of their opponents. And what will be the effect on the neighbour states conterminous with yours? (8) Will not this standing army lead them to desire peace beyond all other things? In fact, a compact force like this, so organised, will prove most potent to preserve the interests of their friends and to damage those of their opponents.
  
  (8) Or, "that lie upon your borders," as Thebes and Megara were  (8) Or, "that lie upon your borders," as Thebes and Megara were
-    "nigh-bordering" to Athens. Cf. Eur. "Rhes." 426; Soph. "Fr." 349.+ "nigh-bordering" to Athens. Cf. Eur. "Rhes." 426; Soph. "Fr." 349.
  
 And when, finally, the citizens discover it is not the habit of these mercenaries to injure those who do no wrong, but their vocation rather is to hinder all attempts at evil-doing; whereby they exercise a kindly providence and bear the brunt of danger on behalf of the community, I say it must needs be, the citizens will rejoice to pay the expenses which the force entails. At any rate, it is for objects of far less importance that at present guards (9) are kept in private life. And when, finally, the citizens discover it is not the habit of these mercenaries to injure those who do no wrong, but their vocation rather is to hinder all attempts at evil-doing; whereby they exercise a kindly providence and bear the brunt of danger on behalf of the community, I say it must needs be, the citizens will rejoice to pay the expenses which the force entails. At any rate, it is for objects of far less importance that at present guards (9) are kept in private life.
Line 961: Line 965:
  (9) "Police or other."  (9) "Police or other."
  
-XI+===== XI ===== 
  
 But, Hiero, you must not grudge to spend a portion of your private substance for the common weal. For myself, I hold to the opinion that the sums expended by the monarch on the state form items of disbursement more legitimate (1) than those expended on his personal account. But let us look into the question point by point. But, Hiero, you must not grudge to spend a portion of your private substance for the common weal. For myself, I hold to the opinion that the sums expended by the monarch on the state form items of disbursement more legitimate (1) than those expended on his personal account. But let us look into the question point by point.
  
  (1) {eis to deon}. Holden cf. "Anab." I. iii. 8. Aristoph. "Clouds,"  (1) {eis to deon}. Holden cf. "Anab." I. iii. 8. Aristoph. "Clouds,"
-    859, {osper Periklees eis to deon apolesa}: "Like Pericles, for a + 859, {osper Periklees eis to deon apolesa}: "Like Pericles, for a 
-    necessary purpose, I have lost them."+ necessary purpose, I have lost them."
  
 First, the palace: do you imagine that a building, beautified in every way at an enormous cost, will afford you greater pride and ornament than a whole city ringed with walls and battlements, whose furniture consists of temples and pillared porticoes, (2) harbours, market-places? First, the palace: do you imagine that a building, beautified in every way at an enormous cost, will afford you greater pride and ornament than a whole city ringed with walls and battlements, whose furniture consists of temples and pillared porticoes, (2) harbours, market-places?
  
- (2) Reading {parastasi}, properly "pillasters" (Poll. i. 76. 10. 25) = + (2) Reading {parastasi}, properly "pillasters" (Poll. i. 76. 10. 25) = "antae," hence "templum in antis" (see Vitruv. iii. 2. 2); or more widely the entrance of a temple or other building. (Possibly the author is thinking of "the Propylea").Cf. Eur. "Phoen." 415; "I. T." 1159. = {stathmoi}, Herod. i. 179; Hom. "Il." xiv. 167; "Od." vii. 89, {stathmoi d' argureoi en khalkeo estasan oudio}.
-    "antae," hence "templum in antis" (see Vitruv. iii. 2. 2); or more +
-    widely the entrance of a temple or other building. (Possibly the +
-    author is thinking of "the Propylea").Cf. Eur. "Phoen." 415; "I. +
-    T." 1159. = {stathmoi}, Herod. i. 179; Hom. "Il." xiv. 167; "Od." +
-    vii. 89, {stathmoi d' argureoi en khalkeo estasan oudio}.+
  
         The brazen thresholds both sides did enfold         The brazen thresholds both sides did enfold
         Silver pilasters, hung with gates of gold (Chapman).         Silver pilasters, hung with gates of gold (Chapman).
  
-    Al. {pastasi}, = colonnades.+Al. {pastasi}, = colonnades.
  
 Next, as to armaments: Will you present a greater terror to the foe if you appear furnished yourself from head to foot with bright emlazonrie and horrent arms; (3) or rather by reason of the warlike aspect of a whole city perfectly equipped? Next, as to armaments: Will you present a greater terror to the foe if you appear furnished yourself from head to foot with bright emlazonrie and horrent arms; (3) or rather by reason of the warlike aspect of a whole city perfectly equipped?
  
  (3) Or, "with armour curiously wrought a wonder and a dread." {oplois  (3) Or, "with armour curiously wrought a wonder and a dread." {oplois
-    tois ekpaglotatois}, most magnificent, awe-inspiring, a poetical + tois ekpaglotatois}, most magnificent, awe-inspiring, a poetical 
-    word which appears only in this passage in prose (Holden). L. & S. + word which appears only in this passage in prose (Holden). L. & S. 
-    cf. Hom. "Il." i. 146, xxi. 589, of persons; "Od." xiv. 552, of + cf. Hom. "Il." i. 146, xxi. 589, of persons; "Od." xiv. 552, of 
-    things. Pind. "Pyth." iv. 140; "Isth." 7 (6), 30.+ things. Pind. "Pyth." iv. 140; "Isth." 7 (6), 30.
  
 And now for ways and means: On which principle do you expect your revenues to flow more copiously—by keeping your own private capital (4) employed, or by means devised to make the resources of the entire state (5) productive? And now for ways and means: On which principle do you expect your revenues to flow more copiously—by keeping your own private capital (4) employed, or by means devised to make the resources of the entire state (5) productive?
Line 1004: Line 1004:
  
  (8) "Our solemn festivals," e.g. those held at Olympia, Delphi, the  (8) "Our solemn festivals," e.g. those held at Olympia, Delphi, the
-    Isthmus, Nemea.+ Isthmus, Nemea.
  
 Which would you deem the nobler conquest—to win a victory by virtue of a chariot, or to achieve a people's happiness, that state of which you are the head and chief? And for my part, I hold it ill becomes a tyrant to enter the lists with private citizens. For take the case he wins, he will not be admired, but be envied rather, when is is thought how many private fortunes go to swell the stream of his expenditure; while if he loses, he will become a laughing-stock to all mankind. (9) Which would you deem the nobler conquest—to win a victory by virtue of a chariot, or to achieve a people's happiness, that state of which you are the head and chief? And for my part, I hold it ill becomes a tyrant to enter the lists with private citizens. For take the case he wins, he will not be admired, but be envied rather, when is is thought how many private fortunes go to swell the stream of his expenditure; while if he loses, he will become a laughing-stock to all mankind. (9)
  
  (9) Or, "you will be mocked and jeered at past all precedence," as  (9) Or, "you will be mocked and jeered at past all precedence," as
-    historically was the fate of Dionysus, 388 or 384 B.C. (?); and + historically was the fate of Dionysus, 388 or 384 B.C. (?); and 
-    for the possible connection between that incident and this + for the possible connection between that incident and this 
-    treatise see Lys. "Olymp."; and Prof. Jebb's remarks on the + treatise see Lys. "Olymp."; and Prof. Jebb's remarks on the 
-    fragment, "Att. Or." i. p. 203 foll. Grote, "H. G." xi. 40 foll.; + fragment, "Att. Or." i. p. 203 foll. Grote, "H. G." xi. 40 foll.; 
-    "Plato," iii. 577.+ "Plato," iii. 577.
  
 No, no! I tell you, Hiero, your battlefield, your true arena is with the champion presidents of rival states, above whose lesser heads be it your destiny to raise this state, of which you are the patron and supreme head, to some unprecedented height of fortune, which if you shall achieve, be certain you will be approved victorious in a contest the noblest and the most stupendous in the world. No, no! I tell you, Hiero, your battlefield, your true arena is with the champion presidents of rival states, above whose lesser heads be it your destiny to raise this state, of which you are the patron and supreme head, to some unprecedented height of fortune, which if you shall achieve, be certain you will be approved victorious in a contest the noblest and the most stupendous in the world.
Line 1044: Line 1044:
  
  (13) Al. "It shall be yours to be happy and yet to escape envy." The  (13) Al. "It shall be yours to be happy and yet to escape envy." The
-    concluding sentence is gnomic in character and metrical in form. + concluding sentence is gnomic in character and metrical in form. 
-    See "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.+ See "Pol. Lac." xv. 9.
  
  
  
text/hiero.1377388018.txt.gz · Last modified: 2014/01/15 11:11 (external edit)