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cynics:cynic_lives [2012/07/29 19:46] – [Historically Authenticated Cynics] frankcynics:cynic_lives [2014/01/14 23:20] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Lives & Writings on the Cynics ====== ====== Lives & Writings on the Cynics ======
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 † = No available online resources  † = No available online resources 
 +
 +''"The nude Cynic fears no fire for his tub; if broken, he will make himself a new house to-morrow, or keep it repaired with clamps of lead."\\
 +\\
 +Juvenal, Satires (XIV.308ff)''
 ===== Mythical Figures ===== ===== Mythical Figures =====
  
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 ===== Cynic Precursors ===== ===== Cynic Precursors =====
  
-  * [[Anacharsis]] +  * [[Anacharsis]] : Scythian philosopher who travelled from his homeland on the northern shores of the Black Sea to Athens in the early 6th century BC and made a great impression as a forthright, outspoken "barbarian", a forerunner of the Cynics, though none of his works have survived.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacharsis)) 
-  * [[Heraclitus]] +  * [[Heraclitus]] : Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher".((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus)) 
-  * [[Hesiod]] +  * [[Hesiod]] : Hesiod's //Works and Days// work lays out the five Ages of Man, as well as containing advice and wisdom, prescribing a life of honest labour and attacking idleness and unjust judges (like those who decided in favour of Perses) as well as the practice of usury. It describes immortals who roam the earth watching over justice and injustice. The poem regards labor as the source of all good, in that both gods and men hate the idle, who resemble drones in a hive.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod)) 
-  * [[Homer]]+  * [[Homer]] : Author of the //Iliad// and the //Odyssey//, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer))
   * [[Socrates]]   * [[Socrates]]
-  * [[Xenophanes]]+  * [[Xenophanes]] : Poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas, including Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' veneration of athleticism. He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives."((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophanes))
  
 ===== Historically Authenticated Cynics ===== ===== Historically Authenticated Cynics =====
 +==== Agathobulus of Alexandria - Antiochus of Cilicia ====
  
   * [[Agathobulus of Alexandria]] 2nd Century AD : There is evidence that Agathobulus was an important person in his own time (see evidence of Plutarch); Agathobulus placed particular emphasis on some of the ascetic aspects of Cynicism: shamelessness and endurance of pain.   * [[Agathobulus of Alexandria]] 2nd Century AD : There is evidence that Agathobulus was an important person in his own time (see evidence of Plutarch); Agathobulus placed particular emphasis on some of the ascetic aspects of Cynicism: shamelessness and endurance of pain.
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   * [[Androsthenes of Aegina]] 4th Century BC   * [[Androsthenes of Aegina]] 4th Century BC
   * [[Antiochus of Cilicia]] 2nd and 3rd Century AD   * [[Antiochus of Cilicia]] 2nd and 3rd Century AD
-  * **Antisthenes of Athens** Ca. 445 - 336 BC : Originally a subject of Gorgias the rhetorician, Antisthenes became disciple of Socrates. Antisthenes adopted the teachings of Socrates with an emphasis on Socratic ethics. He stressed living an ascetic life in accordance with Nature and Virtue. Many later writers considered Antisthenes to be te founder of Cynic philosophy.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisthenes))+==== Antisthenes of Athens ==== 
 +  * **Antisthenes of Athens** Ca. 445 - 336 BC : Originally a subject of Gorgias the rhetorician, Antisthenes became disciple of Socrates. Antisthenes adopted the teachings of Socrates with an emphasis on Socratic ethics. He stressed living an ascetic life in accordance with Nature and Virtue. Many later writers considered Antisthenes to be the founder of Cynic philosophy.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisthenes)) 
 + 
 +{{ :cynics:antisthenes.jpg?300|Antisthenes of Athens}}
     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Aelian, Varia Historia IX.35]]     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Aelian, Varia Historia IX.35]]
     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Aelian, Varia Historia X.16]]     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Aelian, Varia Historia X.16]]
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     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Suda, Alpha 2723]]     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Suda, Alpha 2723]]
     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Xenophon, Symposium 4]]     * [[antisthenes_of_athens:Xenophon, Symposium 4]]
 +
 +==== Asclepiades - Cleomenes of Constantinople ====
 +
   * [[Asclepiades]] 2nd half of 4th Century AD : Cynic philosopher. He is mentioned by the emperor Julian whom Asclepiades visited at Antioch in 362. Ammianus Marcellinus describes how Asclepiades accidentally destroyed the temple of Apollo at Daphne in Antioch, when some candles he lit set light to the woodwork, burning down the temple.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiades_the_Cynic))   * [[Asclepiades]] 2nd half of 4th Century AD : Cynic philosopher. He is mentioned by the emperor Julian whom Asclepiades visited at Antioch in 362. Ammianus Marcellinus describes how Asclepiades accidentally destroyed the temple of Apollo at Daphne in Antioch, when some candles he lit set light to the woodwork, burning down the temple.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiades_the_Cynic))
   * [[Avidienus]] 1st Century BC   * [[Avidienus]] 1st Century BC
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   * [[Cleomenes]] 4th and 3rd Centuries BC : Pupil of Crates of Thebes, and is said to have taught Timarchus of Alexandria and Echecles of Ephesus, the latter of whom would go on to teach Menedemus.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomenes_the_Cynic))   * [[Cleomenes]] 4th and 3rd Centuries BC : Pupil of Crates of Thebes, and is said to have taught Timarchus of Alexandria and Echecles of Ephesus, the latter of whom would go on to teach Menedemus.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomenes_the_Cynic))
   * __Cleomenes of Constantinople__ 4th Century AD †   * __Cleomenes of Constantinople__ 4th Century AD †
 +
 +==== Crates of Thebes ====
 +
   * **Crates of Thebes** Ca. 360 - 280 BC : Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens. He married Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner that he did. Respected by the people of Athens, he is remembered for being the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Various fragments of Crates' teachings survive, including his description of the ideal Cynic state.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes))   * **Crates of Thebes** Ca. 360 - 280 BC : Crates gave away his money to live a life of poverty on the streets of Athens. He married Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner that he did. Respected by the people of Athens, he is remembered for being the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. Various fragments of Crates' teachings survive, including his description of the ideal Cynic state.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes))
 +
 +{{ :cynics:crates.jpg?300|Crates of Thebes}}
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Aelian, Varia Historia III.6]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Aelian, Varia Historia III.6]]
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Alciphron, Letter 44]]      * [[crates_of_thebes:Alciphron, Letter 44]] 
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     * [[crates_of_thebes:Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 158.a-d]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 158.a-d]]
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Clement, Stromata Book 2 Chapter 20]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Clement, Stromata Book 2 Chapter 20]]
 +    * [[crates_of_thebes:Demetrius of Phalerum, On Style 170]]\\
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Diogenes Laertius, Book 2 §114]]      * [[crates_of_thebes:Diogenes Laertius, Book 2 §114]] 
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Diogenes Laertius, Book 6 §15]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Diogenes Laertius, Book 6 §15]]
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     * [[crates_of_thebes:Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 1.13]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 1.13]]
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 7.2]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 7.2]]
 +    * [[crates_of_thebes:Plutarch, How to Tell a Flatterer from a Friend]]
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 46]]     * [[crates_of_thebes:Plutarch, Life of Demetrius 46]]
     * [[crates_of_thebes:Plutarch, Rules for Preservation of Health]]      * [[crates_of_thebes:Plutarch, Rules for Preservation of Health]] 
 +    * [[crates_of_thebes:Simplicius, Commentary on Epictetus 10]]
 +    * [[crates_of_thebes:Suda, Kappa 2341]]
 +
 +==== Crescens - Diocles ====
 +
   * [[Crescens]] Attested in 154 AD : Cynic philosopher who attacked the Christians, and was in turn, attacked by Justin Martyr. Eusebius, writing 150 years later, accused him of causing Justin's death.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescens_the_Cynic))   * [[Crescens]] Attested in 154 AD : Cynic philosopher who attacked the Christians, and was in turn, attacked by Justin Martyr. Eusebius, writing 150 years later, accused him of causing Justin's death.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescens_the_Cynic))
   * __Demetrius__ ? †   * __Demetrius__ ? †
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   * [[Dio Chrysostom]] Ca. 40 - after 112 AD   * [[Dio Chrysostom]] Ca. 40 - after 112 AD
   * __Diocles__ ? †   * __Diocles__ ? †
 +
 +==== Diogenes of Sinope ====
 +
   * **Diogenes of Sinope** 4th Century BC : Along with Antisthenes and Crates of Thebes, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of Cynicism. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. No writings of Diogenes survived even though he is reported to have authored over ten books, a volume of letters and seven tragedies. Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what we know about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources. Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. So great was his austerity and simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos". Diogenes had nothing but disdain for Plato and his abstract philosophy. Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir to Socrates, and shared his love of virtue and indifference to wealth, together with a disdain for general opinion. Diogenes shared Socrates' belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness. Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad." Many anecdotes of Diogenes refer to his dog-like behavior, and his praise of a dog's virtues.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope))    * **Diogenes of Sinope** 4th Century BC : Along with Antisthenes and Crates of Thebes, Diogenes is considered one of the founders of Cynicism. The ideas of Diogenes, like those of most other Cynics, must be arrived at indirectly. No writings of Diogenes survived even though he is reported to have authored over ten books, a volume of letters and seven tragedies. Cynic ideas are inseparable from Cynic practice; therefore what we know about Diogenes is contained in anecdotes concerning his life and sayings attributed to him in a number of scattered classical sources. Diogenes maintained that all the artificial growths of society were incompatible with happiness and that morality implies a return to the simplicity of nature. So great was his austerity and simplicity that the Stoics would later claim him to be a wise man or "sophos". Diogenes had nothing but disdain for Plato and his abstract philosophy. Diogenes viewed Antisthenes as the true heir to Socrates, and shared his love of virtue and indifference to wealth, together with a disdain for general opinion. Diogenes shared Socrates' belief that he could function as doctor to men's souls and improve them morally, while at the same time holding contempt for their obtuseness. Plato once described Diogenes as "a Socrates gone mad." Many anecdotes of Diogenes refer to his dog-like behavior, and his praise of a dog's virtues.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope)) 
 +
 +{{ :cynics:diogenesw_dogs.jpg?350|Diogenes of Sinope}}
     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Aelian, Varia Historia III.29]]     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Aelian, Varia Historia III.29]]
     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Aelian, Varia Historia IV.11]]     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Aelian, Varia Historia IV.11]]
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     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Tertullian, Apology Chapter 46]]     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Tertullian, Apology Chapter 46]]
     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Tertullian, Against Marcion Chapter 1]]     * [[diogenes_of_sinope:Tertullian, Against Marcion Chapter 1]]
 +
 +==== Diogenes the Sophist - Menestratus ====
 +
   * [[Diogenes the Sophist]] 1st Century AD   * [[Diogenes the Sophist]] 1st Century AD
   * __Domitius__ ? †   * __Domitius__ ? †
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   * [[Menedemus of Lampsacus]] 3rd Century BC : Cynic philosopher, and a pupil of the Epicurean Colotes of Lampsacus.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menedemus_the_Cynic))   * [[Menedemus of Lampsacus]] 3rd Century BC : Cynic philosopher, and a pupil of the Epicurean Colotes of Lampsacus.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menedemus_the_Cynic))
   * __Menestratus__ 1st Century AD †   * __Menestratus__ 1st Century AD †
 +
 +==== Menippus of Gadara ====
 +
   * **Menippus of Gadara** 1st Half of the 3rd Century BC : Cynic and satirist. His works, which are all lost, were an important influence on Varro and Lucian. The Menippean satire genre is named after him. Considered with Antisthenes, Crates, and Diogenes to one of the most important Cynics due to his influence on the satirical genre.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippus))   * **Menippus of Gadara** 1st Half of the 3rd Century BC : Cynic and satirist. His works, which are all lost, were an important influence on Varro and Lucian. The Menippean satire genre is named after him. Considered with Antisthenes, Crates, and Diogenes to one of the most important Cynics due to his influence on the satirical genre.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menippus))
 +
 +{{ :cynics:menippus.jpg?200|Menippus of Gadara}}
     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Athenaeus, Book I.32.d-e]]     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Athenaeus, Book I.32.d-e]]
     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 2.18]]     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 2.18]]
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     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Marcus Aurelius, Book 6.47]]     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Marcus Aurelius, Book 6.47]]
     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Strabo, Geography 16.2.29]]     * [[menippus_of_gadara:Strabo, Geography 16.2.29]]
 +
 +==== Menippus of Lycia - Zeno of Citium ====
 +
   * [[Menippus of Lycia]] 1st Century AD   * [[Menippus of Lycia]] 1st Century AD
   * [[Metrocles of Maronea]] 3rd Century BC : Cynic philosopher from Maroneia. He studied in Aristotle’s Lyceum under Theophrastus, and eventually became a follower of Crates of Thebes who married Metrocles’ sister Hipparchia. Very little survives of his writings, but he is important as one of the first Cynics to adopt the practice of writing moral anecdotes (chreiai) about Diogenes and other Cynics.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrocles))   * [[Metrocles of Maronea]] 3rd Century BC : Cynic philosopher from Maroneia. He studied in Aristotle’s Lyceum under Theophrastus, and eventually became a follower of Crates of Thebes who married Metrocles’ sister Hipparchia. Very little survives of his writings, but he is important as one of the first Cynics to adopt the practice of writing moral anecdotes (chreiai) about Diogenes and other Cynics.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrocles))
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   * [[Stilpo of Megara]] Ca. 360 - 280   * [[Stilpo of Megara]] Ca. 360 - 280
   * [[Teles]] Middle of the 3rd Century BC : Seven extracts of the lectures of Teles, totalling about thirty pages, are preserved by Stobaeus, although Stobaeus' own selections come from an earlier epitome by an otherwise unknown Theodorus.Thus what survives is a series of extracts from extracts, and it is quite possible that in between Teles and Theodorus, or Theodorus and Stobaeus, the writings went through a further editing process. The seven extracts are: Περὶ τοῦ δοϰεῖν ϰαὶ τοῦ εἶναι - On Seeming and Being, Περὶ αὐταρκείας - On Self-Sufficiency, Περὶ φυγῆς - On Exile, Σύγκρασις πενίας καὶ πλούτου - A Comparison of Poverty and Wealth, Περὶ τοῦ μὴ εῖναι τέλος ἡδονὴν - On Pleasure not being the Goal of Life, Περὶ περιστάσεων - On Circumstances, Περὶ ἀπαθείας - On Freedom from Passion. As a writer Teles has been regarded as being deficient in both literary and logical virtues, but this may reflect the way in which his works have been edited and compressed by Theodorus, Stobaeus, and others. The value of his writings lies in the fact that they are the earliest Cynic discourses (diatribes) to survive, and they provide an insight into the Hellenistic world in which Teles lived. His works make frequent mention of Socrates and Diogenes, and he preserves important fragments from the works of Crates of Thebes, Metrocles, Stilpo and Bion of Borysthenes. Without him we would know little about the Cynic diatribe in the 3rd-century BC, and we would know much less about Bion.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teles))   * [[Teles]] Middle of the 3rd Century BC : Seven extracts of the lectures of Teles, totalling about thirty pages, are preserved by Stobaeus, although Stobaeus' own selections come from an earlier epitome by an otherwise unknown Theodorus.Thus what survives is a series of extracts from extracts, and it is quite possible that in between Teles and Theodorus, or Theodorus and Stobaeus, the writings went through a further editing process. The seven extracts are: Περὶ τοῦ δοϰεῖν ϰαὶ τοῦ εἶναι - On Seeming and Being, Περὶ αὐταρκείας - On Self-Sufficiency, Περὶ φυγῆς - On Exile, Σύγκρασις πενίας καὶ πλούτου - A Comparison of Poverty and Wealth, Περὶ τοῦ μὴ εῖναι τέλος ἡδονὴν - On Pleasure not being the Goal of Life, Περὶ περιστάσεων - On Circumstances, Περὶ ἀπαθείας - On Freedom from Passion. As a writer Teles has been regarded as being deficient in both literary and logical virtues, but this may reflect the way in which his works have been edited and compressed by Theodorus, Stobaeus, and others. The value of his writings lies in the fact that they are the earliest Cynic discourses (diatribes) to survive, and they provide an insight into the Hellenistic world in which Teles lived. His works make frequent mention of Socrates and Diogenes, and he preserves important fragments from the works of Crates of Thebes, Metrocles, Stilpo and Bion of Borysthenes. Without him we would know little about the Cynic diatribe in the 3rd-century BC, and we would know much less about Bion.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teles))
-  * [[Theagenes of Patras]] 2nd Century AD : Cynic philosopher and close friend of Peregrinus Proteus. He is known principally as a character who appears in Lucian's //The Death of Peregrinus// (Latin: De Morte Peregrini), where he is introduced as praising Peregrinus' desire to kill himself by self-immolation.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrinus_Proteus))+  * [[Theagenes of Patras]] 2nd Century AD : Cynic philosopher and close friend of Peregrinus Proteus. He is known principally as a character who appears in Lucian's //The Death of Peregrinus// (Latin: De Morte Peregrini), where he is introduced as praising Peregrinus' desire to kill himself by self-immolation.((http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theagenes_of_Patras))
   * [[Theombrotus]] 4th and 3rd Centuries BC   * [[Theombrotus]] 4th and 3rd Centuries BC
   * [[Theomnestus]] ?   * [[Theomnestus]] ?
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